Abstract
The study extends the examination of the structure and validity of the Parental Feelings Inventory to parents of adolescents with externalizing and internalizing behavior problems by employing exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and by testing its scales’ validity against related external variables. Its goal is to verify the instrument’s validity in wider parental populations than those for which it was originally validated (that is, parents of pre-school children). The sample included 519 parents (321 mothers and 198 fathers) of adolescents attending the child and adolescent psychiatric center of a public hospital that serves a multi-ethnic population in its region. The findings derived from the factorial analyses yielded a five-factor structure for the PFI (i.e., anxious, angry, satisfied, happy, and sad), with the factors correspondingly correlating with the parents’ concurrent reports of well-being and difficulties in emotional regulation. Subject to the study’s limitations, its findings suggest that the PFI can be used to assess parental feelings with parents of adolescents, which may advance the instrument’s usage by researchers and clinicians with a larger age range.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ateah, C. A., & Durrant, J. E. (2005). Maternal use of physical punishment in response to child misbehavior: Implications for child abuse prevention. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(2), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.10.010
Baydar, N., Reid, M. J., & Webster-Stratton, C. (2003). The role of mental health factors and program engagement in the effectiveness of a preventive parenting program for head start mothers. Child Development, 74(5), 1433–1453. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00616
Ben-Porath, D. (2010). Dialectical behavior therapy applied to parent skill training: Adjunctive treatment for parents with difficulties in affect regulation. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17(4), 458–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2009.07.005
Bradley, E. G., Hurwitz, S. D., Harvey, E. A., Hodgson, S., & Perugini, E. M. (2013). Factor analytic structure and validity of the parental feelings inventory: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22, 801–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9634-9
Carl, J. R., Soskin, D. P., Kerns, C., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Positive emotion regulation in emotional disorders: A theoretical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(3), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.003
Cole, P. M., LeDonne, E. N., & Tan, P. Z. (2013). A longitudinal examination of maternal emotions in relation to young children’s developing self-regulation. Parenting, 13(2), 113–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.709152
Del Vecchio, T., Jablonka, O., DiGiuseppe, R., Notti, J., & David, O. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the parent anger scale. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 26(11), 3013–3025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0824-3
Del Vecchio, T., & O’Leary, S. G. (2008). Predicting maternal discipline responses to early child aggression: The role of cognitions and affect. Parenting: Science and Practice, 8(3), 240–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190802204827
DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications Inc.
Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3
Dix, T., Gershoff, E., Meunier, L., & Miller, P. (2004). The affective structure of supportive parenting: Depressive symptoms, immediate emotions, and child-oriented motivation. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1212–1227. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1212
Dix, T., Moed, A., & Anderson, E. R. (2014). Mothers’ depressive symptoms predict both increased and reduced negative reactivity: Aversion sensitivity and the regulation of emotion. Psychological Science, 25, 1353–1361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614531025
Fijałkowska, D., & Bielawska-Batorowicz, E. (2021). Psychometric properties of the polish version of the parental feelings inventory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6003. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116003
Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 286–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286
French, B. F., Ullrich-French, S. C., & Follman, D. (2008). The psychometric properties of the Clance Impostor Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1270–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.023
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 849–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002.Gratz&Roemer2004
Gratz, K. L., Bardeen, J. R., Levy, R., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2015). Mechanisms of change in an emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 65, 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.005
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
Hajal, N. J., & Paley, B. (2020). Parental emotion and emotion regulation: A critical target of study for research and intervention to promote child emotion socialization. Developmental Psychology, 56(3), 403. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000864
Hajal, N. J., Teti, D. M., Cole, P. M., & Ram, N. (2019). Maternal emotion, motivation, and regulation during real-world parenting challenges. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(1), 109. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000475
International Wellbeing Group (2006). Personal Wellbeing Index. Melbourne: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, Deakin University. Retrieved from http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/instruments/wellbeing_index.htm
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Kaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2015). The difficulties in emotion regulation scale short form (DERS-SF): Validation and replication in adolescent and adult samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38, 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Leerkes, E. M., Weaver, J. M., & O’Brien, M. (2012). Differentiating maternal sensitivity to infant distress and non-distress. Parenting, Science and Practice, 12(2–3), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683353
Leung, D. W., & Slep, A. M. S. (2006). Predicting inept discipline: The role of parental depressive symptoms, anger, and attributions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(3), 524–534. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.524
Lorber, M. F., & O’Leary, S. G. (2005). Mediated paths to overreactive discipline: Mothers’ experienced emotional appraisals and physiological responses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 972–981. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.972
Lorber, M. F., & Slep, A. M. (2005). Mothers’ emotion dynamics and their relations with harsh and lax discipline: Microsocial time series analyses. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3403_11
MacCallum, R. C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111(3), 490–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.490
Neumann, A., van Lier, P. A., Gratz, K. L., & Koot, H. M. (2010). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents using the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Assessment, 17(1), 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191109349579
Rueger, S. Y., Katz, R. L., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2011). Relations between parental affect and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2011.539503
Vedana, L., Baiardi, P., Sommaruga, M., Gallì, M., Neri, M., Pedretti, R. F. E., Tramarin, R., & Bertolotti, G. (2002). Clinical validation of an anxiety and depression screening test for intensive in-hospital rehabilitation. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 58(2), 101–106.
Williams, R. (2017). Anger as a basic emotion and its role in personality building and pathological growth: The neuroscientific, developmental, and clinical perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1950. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01950
Yaffe, Y. (2018). Convergent validity and reliability of the Hebrew version of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) in Hebrew-speaking Israeli-Arab families. Interpersona: an International Journal on Personal Relationships, 12(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v12i2.303
Yaffe, Y. (2020). Is the Parent–Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) valid for family measurement in Hebrew-speaking parents? A report with evidence on the validity and reliability of the Hebrew version of the PCRI. Marriage & Family Review, 56(6), 575–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2020.1737619
Yik, M., Russell, J. A., & Steiger, J. H. (2011). A 12-point circumplex structure of core affect. Emotion, 11, 705–731. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023980
Zuckerman, M., & Lubin, B. (1965). Manual for the multiple affect adjective checklist. Educational and Industrial Testing Services.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yaffe, Y., Shenaar-Golan, V. & Yatzkar, U. Validation of the Parental Feelings Inventory with Parents of Adolescent Clinical Sample. Child Adolesc Soc Work J 41, 175–183 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-022-00820-0
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-022-00820-0