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Opportunities for Positive Youth Development: The Organized Activity Participation and Educational Outcomes of Adolescents in Adoptive, Foster, and Kinship Care

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Abstract

Children who grow up outside the care of their biological parents—e.g., those in adoptive, foster, or kinship (AFK) care—experience poorer educational outcomes than their peers. However, the protective factors that could mitigate any risks of AFK care have received less attention. One understudied area is the participation of AFK youth in organized activities (e.g., extracurricular or afterschool programs). Drawing on nationally representative data from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (n = 16,197), this study used multilevel modeling to (1) examine the association of AFK care status with organized activity participation and with educational outcomes; and (2) examine whether such participation moderates any association between AFK care status and later educational outcomes (GPA, college expectations, college enrollment and college degree). In addition to a binary measure of participation, multiple dimensions of activity participation (i.e., type, breadth, and intensity) were tested as moderators. Findings show that youth in AFK care reported significantly lower rates of activity participation, as well as poorer education outcomes as compared to other youth. However, there was little evidence of moderation: organized activity participation was associated with improved educational outcomes regardless of care status. The possible benefits of participation for youth in AFK care are similar to those for other youth. Implications for the intersection of child welfare and educational systems are discussed, including the need to ensure developmental opportunities for youth in AFK care.

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Funding

This study was funded in part by the Syracuse Office of Undergraduate Research and Community Engagement. The funders played no role in the design, analyses, interpretation of findings or preparation of this manuscript.

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  1. School of Social Work, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

    Ryan D. Heath & Sarah Faith Millward

  2. School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

    Keunhye Park

  3. School of Social Work, Syracuse University, 244 White Hall, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA

    Ryan D. Heath

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Correspondence to Ryan D. Heath.

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Ethical Approval

This research study was conducted using publicly-available deidentified data from the Educational Longitudinal Study of Youth: 2002 (ELS:02). The Institutional Review Board of the first author’s University was consulted and it was determined that IRB review was not required.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants and/or legal guardians of minors included in the study at the time of original data collection. This study conducts secondary analyses on publicly-available data from the ELS:02, which was collected by the U.S. Department of Education. For participants under 18 years of age, informed consent was obtained from parents and child assent at each round of data collection; for participants over 18 years of age, informed consent was obtained at each round of data collection (Ingles et al., 2004, 2005, 2007, 2014).

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Heath, R.D., Park, K. & Millward, S.F. Opportunities for Positive Youth Development: The Organized Activity Participation and Educational Outcomes of Adolescents in Adoptive, Foster, and Kinship Care. Child Adolesc Soc Work J 40, 623–642 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-021-00802-8

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