Abstract
. This article considers the problem of generating polynomial invariants for iterative loops with loop initialization statements and nonsingular linear operators in loop bodies. The set of such invariants forms an ideal in the ring of polynomials in the loop variables. Two algorithms are presented one of which calculates basic invariants for a linear operator in the form of a Jordan cell and the other calculates basic invariants for a diagonalizable linear operator with an irreducible minimal characteristic polynomial. The following theorem on the structure of the basis of the ideal of invariants for such an operator is proved: this basis consists of basic invariants of Jordan cells and basic invariants of the diagonalizable part of the linear operator being considered.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. W. Floyd, “Assigning meanings to programs,” in: Proc. Symp. Appl. Math., 19, Mathematical Aspects of Computer Science, American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I. (1967), pp. 19–32.
C. A. R. Hoare, “An axiomatic basis for computer programming,” Communications of the ACM, 12, No. 10, 576–580 (1969).
A. A. Letichevskii, “One approach to program analysis,” Cybernetics, 15, No. 6, 775–782 (1979).
A. B. Godlevskii, Yu. V. Kapitonova, S. L. Krivoi, and A. A. Letichevskii, “Iterative methods of program analysis,” Cybernetics, 25, No. 2, 139–152 (1989).
A. Letichevsky and M. Lvov, “Discovery of invariant equalities in programs over data fields,” Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication, and Computing, No. 4, 21–29 (1993).
M. Lvov, “About one algorithm of program polynomial invariants generation,” in: M. Giese and T. Jebelean (eds.), Proc. Workshop on Invariant Generation (WING 2007), Tech. Report No. 07-07 in RISC Report Series, University of Linz, Hagenberg, Austria (2007); Workshop Proceedings (2007), pp. 85–99.
M. M__ uller-Olm and H. Seidl, “Precise interprocedural analysis through linear algebra,” in: Proc. Symp. on Principles of Programming Languages, Venice, Italy (2004); ACM, New York (2004), pp. 330–341.
M. M__ uller-Olm and H. Seidl, “Computing polynomial program invariants,” Inf. Process. Lett., 91, No. 5, 233–244 (2004).
M. Caplain, “Finding invariant assertions for proving programs,” in Proc. Intern. Conf. on Reliable Software, Los Angeles, California (1975); ACM, New York (1975), pp. 165–171.
S. Sankaranarayanan, H. Sipma, and Z. Manna, “Non-linear loop invariant generation using Gr__ obner bases,” in: Proc. Symp. on Principles of Programming Languages, Venice, Italy (2004); ACM, New York (2004), pp. 318–329.
E. Rodriguez-Carbonell and D. Kapur, “Automatic generation of polynomial loop invariants: Algebraic foundations,” in: Proc. Intern. Symp. on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation, Santander, Spain (2004); ACM, New York (2004), pp. 266–273.
E. Rodriguez-Carbonell and D. Kapur, “Automatic generation of polynomial invariants of bounded degree using abstract interpretation,” Sci. Comput. Program, 64, No. 1, 54–75 (2007).
L. I. Kov_cs and T. Jebelean, “An algorithm for automated generation of invariants for loops with conditionals,” in: Proc. of Intern. Symp. on Symbolic and Numeric Algorithms for Scientific Computing (SYNASC 2005); IEEE Computer Society (2005), pp. 245–249.
M. S. Lvov, “Polynomial invariants for linear loops,” Cybernetics and Systems Analysis, 46, No. 4, 660 –868 (2010).
M. S. Lvov and V. A. Kreknin, “Nonlinear invariants for linear loops and eigenpolynomials of linear operators,” Cybernetics and Systems Analysis, 48, No. 2, 268–281 (2012).
V. A. Kreknin and M. S. Lvov, “Eigenpolynomials of linear operators and polynomial invariants of linear loops of programs,” in Proc. the M. Dragomanov National Pedagogical University, Ser. 1, Phys. Mat.-Sci., No. 11, 150–169 (2010).
B. L. Van der Waerden, Algebra [Russian translation], 2nd Edition, GRFML, Moscow (1979).
A. G. Kurosh, Group Theory [in Russian], 3rd Edition, Nauka, Moscow (1967).
M. M. Postnikov, Foundations of Galois Theory [in Russian], Fizmatgiz, Moscow (1963).
B. Buchberger, “Gr__ obner bases: An algorithmic method in polynomial ideal theory,” in: B. Buchberger, J. Collins, and R. Loos (eds.), Computer Algebra: Symbolic and Algebraic Computation [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow (1986).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated from Kibernetika i Sistemnyi Analiz, No. 3, pp. 143–156, May–June, 2015. Original article submitted March 17, 2014.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lvov, M.S. The Structure of Polynomial Invariants of Linear Loops. Cybern Syst Anal 51, 448–460 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10559-015-9736-7
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10559-015-9736-7