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The Impairment in Kidney Function in the Oral Anticoagulation Era. A Pathophysiological Insight

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Abstract

The need for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is fundamental to prevent thromboembolic events. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) recently demonstrated to be superior, or at least equal, to Warfarin in reducing the risk for stroke/systemic embolism and preventing major bleeding and intracranial hemorrhages. The AF population often suffers from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Indeed, the relationship between AF and renal function is bidirectional: AF can trigger kidney failure, while kidney impairment can promote alterations able to enhance AF. Therefore, there are concerns regarding prescriptions of anticoagulants to patients with AF and CKD. The worsening in kidney function can be effectively due to anticoagulants administration. Warfarin has been recognized to promote acute kidney injury in case of excessive anticoagulation levels. Nevertheless, further mechanisms can induce the chronic worsening of renal function, thus leading to terminal kidney failure as observed in post-hoc analysis from registration trials and dedicated observational studies. By contrast, DOACs seem to protect kidneys from injuries more efficiently than Warfarin, although they still continue to play a role in promoting some kidney lesions. However, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. This narrative review aimed to discuss the influence of oral anticoagulants on renal impairment as well as to overview potential pathophysiological mechanisms related to this clinical complication.

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  1. Cardiology Department, Hospital “F. Perinei”, SS. 96 Altamura – Gravina in Puglia Km. 73,800, 70022, Altamura, BA, Italy

    Pietro Scicchitano & Francesco Massari

  2. Cardiology Department, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

    Pietro Scicchitano, Maria Consiglia Bellino, Francesca Cortese, Annagrazia Cecere & Marco Matteo Ciccone

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

    Marco Tucci & Francesco Silvestris

  4. National Cancer Research Center, Tumori Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy

    Marco Tucci

  5. Cardiac Surgery Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

    Micaela De Palo

  6. Cardiology Department, Hospital “S. Paolo”, Bari, BA, Italy

    Pasquale Caldarola

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  1. Pietro Scicchitano
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Scicchitano, P., Tucci, M., Bellino, M.C. et al. The Impairment in Kidney Function in the Oral Anticoagulation Era. A Pathophysiological Insight. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 35, 505–519 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-020-07004-x

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