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Visualizing cancer extravasation: from mechanistic studies to drug development

  • Non-Thematic Review
  • Published:
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Abstract

Metastasis is a multistep process that accounts for the majority of cancer-related death. By the end of metastasize dissemination, circulating tumor cells (CTC) need to extravasate the blood vessels at metastatic sites to form new colonization. Although cancer cell extravasation is a crucial step in cancer metastasis, it has not been successfully targeted by current anti-metastasis strategies due to the lack of a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process. This review focuses on recent progress in cancer extravasation visualization techniques, including the development of both in vitro and in vivo cancer extravasation models, that shed light on the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, multiple cancer extravasation stages, such as the adhesion to the endothelium and transendothelial migration, are successfully probed using these technologies. Moreover, the roles of different cell adhesive molecules, chemokines, and growth factors, as well as the mechanical factors in these stages are well illustrated. Deeper understandings of cancer extravasation mechanisms offer us new opportunities to escalate the discovery of anti-extravasation drugs and therapies and improve the prognosis of cancer patients.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL137093).

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  1. Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC, USA

    Xiao Cheng & Ke Cheng

  2. Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA

    Xiao Cheng & Ke Cheng

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Cheng, X., Cheng, K. Visualizing cancer extravasation: from mechanistic studies to drug development. Cancer Metastasis Rev 40, 71–88 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-020-09942-2

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