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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: lessons learned from clinical trials

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Abstract

Over the past decades, extensive studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 FAs) against different human diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, etc. A growing body of scientific research shows the pharmacokinetic information and safety of these natural occurring substances. Moreover, during recent years, a plethora of studies has demonstrated that omega-3 FAs possess therapeutic role against certain types of cancer. It is also known that omega-3 FAs can improve efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy. Previous reports showed that suppression of nuclear factor-κB, activation of AMPK/SIRT1, modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and up-regulation of novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as protectins, maresins, and resolvins, are the main mechanisms of antineoplastic effect of omega-3 FAs. In this review, we have collected the available clinical data on the therapeutic role of omega-3 FAs against breast cancer, colorectal cancer, leukemia, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, as well as cancer cachexia. We also discussed the chemistry, dietary source, and bioavailability of omega-3 FAs, and the potential molecular mechanisms of anticancer and adverse effects.

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Abbreviations

FAs:

Fatty acids

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-κB

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

ALA:

Alpha-linolenic acid

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

AA:

Arachidonic acid

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

LTA:

Light transmission aggregometry

EQELS:

Electrophoretic quasi-elastic light scattering technology

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Fazel Nabavi & Seyed Mohammad Nabavi

  2. National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100, Avellino, Italy

    Stefania Bilotto & Gian Luigi Russo

  3. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330, Ankara, Turkey

    Ilkay Erdogan Orhan

  4. Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK

    Solomon Habtemariam

  5. Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy

    Maria Daglia

  6. Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India

    Kasi Pandima Devi

  7. Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy

    Monica Rosa Loizzo & Rosa Tundis

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  1. Seyed Fazel Nabavi
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Nabavi, S.F., Bilotto, S., Russo, G.L. et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer: lessons learned from clinical trials. Cancer Metastasis Rev 34, 359–380 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-015-9572-2

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