Abstract
Purpose
The etiology of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is obscure. Research on air pollution and risk of HL provides inconsistent results. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term residential exposure to air pollution and risk of adult Hodgkin lymphoma in Denmark.
Methods
We performed a nationwide register-based case–control study, including all (n = 2,681) Hodgkin lymphoma cases registered in the nationwide Danish Cancer Registry between 1989 and 2014. We randomly selected 8,853 age- and sex-matched controls from the entire Danish population using the Civil Registration System, and identified 20-year residential address history for all cases and controls. We modeled outdoor air pollution concentrations at all these addresses using the high-resolution multiscale air pollution model system DEHM/UBM/AirGIS. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios adjusted for individual and neighborhood level sociodemographic variables.
Results
There was no association between 1, 5, 10, and 20 years’ time-weighted average exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), O3, SO2, NO2, or the PM2.5 constituents OC, NH4, NO3, and SO4 and risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.
Conclusion
Residential exposure to ambient air pollution does not seem to increase the risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Data Availability
Access to the data of Statistics Denmark can be obtained if approved by Statics Denmark. Requirements include compliance with the EU General Data Protection Regulation and the Danish Data Protection Act.
Code availability
Study code is not publicly available.
Abbreviations
- NO2 :
-
Nitrogen di-oxide
- SO2 :
-
Sulphur dioxide
- O3 :
-
Ozone
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- BC:
-
Primary emitted black carbon
- OC:
-
Primary emitted organic carbon
- SOA:
-
Secondary organic aerosols
- SIA:
-
Secondary inorganic aerosols
- NH4 :
-
Ammonium
- NO3 :
-
Nitrate
- SO4 :
-
Sulphate
- HL:
-
Hodgkin lymphoma
- SLE:
-
Systemic lupus erythematosus
- EBV:
-
Epstein-Barr virus
- TWA:
-
Time weighted average
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Acknowledgments
The research was funded by Nordforsk under the Nordic Programme on Health and Welfare (Project #75007: NordicWelfAir—Understanding the link between Air pollution and Distribution of related Health Impacts and Welfare in the Nordic countries). The funding source had no involvement in the study design, collection, analysis, interpretation, writing and decision to submit for publication.
Funding
The research was funded by Nordforsk under the Nordic Programme on Health and Welfare (Project #75007: NordicWelfAir Understanding the link between Air pollution and Distribution of related Health Impacts and Welfare in the Nordic countries).
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ORN and MS conceived and designed the study. ORN and UAH participated in acquisition of population data and sociodemographic data. MK, CG, JB, JHC participated in modeling of air pollution and exposure assessment. TT, AHP, ORN planned the statistical analyses. TT, AHP performed record linkages, data processing and statistical analyses. TT drafted the manuscript. All authors participated in the interpretation of the data, commented on the manuscript and approved the final manuscript for publication.
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The study was entirely register-based. Therefore, in accordance with Danish law, no ethical approval was needed.
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Taj, T., Poulsen, A.H., Ketzel, M. et al. Long-term residential exposure to air pollution and Hodgkin lymphoma risk among adults in Denmark: a population-based case–control study. Cancer Causes Control 32, 935–942 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-021-01446-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-021-01446-w