Abstract
Objective
To determine the effect of treated hypertension on the risk of cancer.
Methods
Population based external comparison study using the Saskatchewan Health databases.
Results
A total of 42,270 subjects were followed for a median of 17.9 years after initiating antihypertensives for hypertension. The effect of hypertension on the risk of cancer varied significantly by age (interaction p < 0.001). Compared with the general population, subjects under 60 years at the time of initiation of antihypertensives had a significantly increased risk of cancer (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.18–1.52 adjusted for age, sex, and calendar year) while subjects over 60 had a significantly decreased risk (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78–0.98). Similar results were obtained for cancer death outcomes. In each subgroup, relative risks across most cancer sites were similar in magnitude and direction. Results were essentially unchanged when analyses were restricted to cancers diagnosed after the first 10 years of follow-up.
Conclusions
The effect of treated hypertension on cancer risk varies by the age at incident treatment of hypertension. These findings are not a result of reverse causality or detection bias. However, they may in part be a consequence of residual confounding and/or reflect the type of hypertension being treated.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dyer AR, Stamler J, Berkson DM et al (1975) High blood-pressure: a risk factor for cancer mortality? Lancet 1(7915):1051–1056
Svardsudd K, Tibblin G (1979) Mortality, morbidity during 13.5 years’ follow-up in relation to blood pressure. The study of men born in 1913. Acta medica Scandinavica 205(6):483–492
Raynor WJ Jr, Shekelle RB, Rossof AH et al (1981) High blood pressure and 17-year cancer mortality in the Western electric health study. Am J Epidemiol 113(4):371–377
Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E (1984) Systolic blood pressure and cancer mortality in an elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 120(4):550–558
Goldbourt U, Holtzman E, Yaari S et al (1986) Elevated systolic blood pressure as a predictor of long-term cancer mortality: analysis by site and histologic subtype in 10, 000 middle-aged and elderly men. J Natl Cancer Inst 77(1):63–70
Buck C, Donner A (1987) Cancer incidence in hypertensives. Cancer 59(7):1386–1390
Filipovsky J, Ducimetiere P, Darne B et al (1993) Abdominal body mass distribution and elevated blood pressure are associated with increased risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and cancer in middle-aged men. The results of a 15- to 20-year follow-up in the Paris prospective study I. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17(4):197–203
Wannamethee G, Shaper AG (1996) Blood pressure and cancer in middle-aged British men. Int J Epidemiol 25(1):22–31
Rosengren A, Himmelmann A, Wilhelmsen L et al (1998) Hypertension and long-term cancer incidence and mortality among Swedish men. J Hypertens 16(7):933–940
Xie L, Wu K, Xu N et al (1999) Hypertension is associated with a high risk of cancer. J Hum Hypertens 13(5):295–301
Lindgren A, Pukkala E, Nissinen A et al (2001) Cancer incidence in hypertensive patients in North Karelia, Finland. Hypertension 37(5):1251–1255
Grossman E, Messerli FH, Boyko V et al (2002) Is there an association between hypertension and cancer mortality? Am J Med 112(6):479–486
Soler M, Chatenoud L, Negri E et al (1999) Hypertension and hormone-related neoplasms in women. Hypertension 34(2):320–325
Lee SY, Kim MT, Jee SH et al (2002) Does hypertension increase mortality risk from lung cancer? a prospective cohort study on smoking, hypertension and lung cancer risk among Korean men. J Hypertens 20(4):617–622
Lindgren A, Pukkala E, Nissinen A et al (2003) Blood pressure, smoking, and the incidence of lung cancer in hypertensive men in North Karelia, Finland. Am J Epidemiol 158(5):442–447
Largent JA, McEligot AJ, Ziogas A et al (2006) Hypertension, diuretics and breast cancer risk. J Hum Hypertens 20(10):727–732
Washio M, Mori M, Sakauchi F et al (2005) Risk factors for kidney cancer in a Japanese population: findings from the JACC Study. J Epidemiol 15(Suppl 2):S203–S211
Inoue M, Okayama A, Fujita M et al (1994) A case-control study on risk factors for uterine endometrial cancer in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 85(4):346–350
Braithwaite D, Tammemagi CM, Moore DH et al (2009) Hypertension is an independent predictor of survival disparity between African–American and white breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 124:1213–1219
Fryzek JP, Poulsen AH, Johnsen SP et al (2005) A cohort study of antihypertensive treatments and risk of renal cell cancer. Br J Cancer 92(7):1302–1306
Spratt JS, Meyer JS, Spratt JA (1995) Rates of growth of human solid neoplasms: part I. J Surg Oncol 60(2):137–146
Spratt JS, Meyer JS, Spratt JA (1996) Rates of growth of human neoplasms: part II. J Surg Oncol 61(1):68–83
Grove JS, Nomura A, Severson RK et al (1991) The association of blood pressure with cancer incidence in a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 134(9):942–947
Hole DJ, Hawthorne VM, Isles CG et al (1993) Incidence of and mortality from cancer in hypertensive patients. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 306(6878):609–611
Lever AF, Hole DJ, Gillis CR et al (1998) Do inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme protect against risk of cancer? Lancet 352(9123):179–184
Peeters PH, van Noord PA, Hoes AW et al (1998) Hypertension, antihypertensive drugs, and mortality from cancer among women. J Hypertens 16(7):941–947
Weiss HA, Brinton LA, Potischman NA et al (1999) Breast cancer risk in young women and history of selected medical conditions. Int J Epidemiol 28(5):816–823
Boshuizen HC, Izaks GJ, van Buuren S et al (1998) Blood pressure and mortality in elderly people aged 85 and older: community based study. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 316(7147):1780–1784
Starr JM, Inch S, Cross S et al (2000) Seven-year follow-up of blood pressure in the Healthy Old People in Edinburgh (HOPE) cohort. J Hum Hypertens 14(12):773–778
Rastas S, Pirttila T, Viramo P et al (2006) Association between blood pressure and survival over 9 years in a general population aged 85 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 54(6):912–918
Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Wada T et al (1999) A U-shaped association between home systolic blood pressure and four-year mortality in community-dwelling older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 47(12):1415–1421
Clausen J, Jensen G (1992) Blood pressure and mortality: an epidemiological survey with 10 years follow-up. J Hum Hypertens 6(1):53–59
Taylor JO, Cornoni-Huntley J, Curb JD et al (1991) Blood pressure and mortality risk in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 134(5):489–501
Hamet P (1997) Cancer and hypertension: a potential for crosstalk? J Hypertens 15(12 Pt 2):1573–1577
Stumpe KO (2002) Hypertension and the risk of cancer: is there new evidence? J Hypertens 20(4):565–567
Norden A, Schersten B, Thulin T et al (1975) Letter: hypertension related to DNA repair synthesis and carcinogen uptake. Lancet 2(7944):1094
Assimes TL, Elstein E, Langleben A et al (2008) Long-term use of antihypertensive drugs and risk of cancer. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17(11):1039–1049
Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Mayrent SL (1987) Epidemiology in medicine, 1st edn. Little, Brown, Boston
Strom BL (2005) Pharmacoepidemiology, 4th edn. Wiley, Chichester
Kaplan NM, Flynn JT (2006) Kaplan’s clinical hypertension, 9th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Maatela J, Aromaa A, Salmi T et al (1994) The risk of endometrial cancer in diabetic and hypertensive patients: a nationwide record-linkage study in Finland. Ann Chir Gynaecol 208:20–24
Calle EE, Kaaks R (2004) Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 4(8):579–591
Kasper DL, Harrison TR (2005) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 16th edn. McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, New York
Grossman E, Messerli FH, Goldbourt U (2001) Antihypertensive therapy and the risk of malignancies. Eur Heart J 22(15):1343–1352
Rothman KJ, Greenland S (1998) Precision and validity in epidemiologic studies. In: Rothman KJ, Greenland S (eds) Modern epidemiology, 2nd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, pp 115–134
United States Health Care Financing Administration (1980) The International classification of diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification: ICD-9-CM, 2nd edn. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service For sale by the Supt. of Docs., US G.P.O., Washington, DC
Franklin SS, Jacobs MJ, Wong ND et al (2001) Predominance of isolated systolic hypertension among middle-aged and elderly US hypertensives: analysis based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Hypertension 37(3):869–874
Franklin SS, Pio JR, Wong ND et al (2005) Predictors of new-onset diastolic and systolic hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 111(9):1121–1127
Kwagyan J, Tabe CE, Xu S et al (2005) The impact of body mass index on pulse pressure in obesity. J Hypertens 23(3):619–624
Martins D, Tareen N, Pan D et al (2002) The relationship between body mass index and pulse pressure in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension. Am J Hypertens 15(6):538–543
Acknowledgments
This study used data provided by the Saskatchewan Department of Health. The statements contained hereby do not necessarily represent those of the Saskatchewan government. The authors would like to thank Ms. Winanne Downey of the Saskatchewan; Research Services, Population Health Branch, and Karen Robb of the Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, for their expertise and assistance with the data. Sources of funding: This study was funded by an operating grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Dr. Assimes was supported by a training bursary from the Fonds de la Research en santé du Quebec (FRSQ). Dr. Suissa is the recipient of the Distinguished Investigator Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). The Pharmacoepidemiology Research Unit is funded by an Équipe grant from the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec (FRSQ).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Assimes, T.L., Suissa, S. Age at incident treatment of hypertension and risk of cancer: a population study. Cancer Causes Control 20, 1811–1820 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9374-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9374-3