Skip to main content
Log in

The Peaceful Coexistence of Ethics and Quantitative Research

  • Commentary
  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Destiny guides our fortunes more favorably than we could have expected. Look there, Sancho Panza, my friend, and see those thirty or so wild giants, with whom I intend to do battle and kill each and all of them […].

“What giants?” asked Sancho Panza.

The ones you can see over there,” answered his master, “with the huge arms, some of which are very nearly two leagues long..

Now look, your grace,” said Sancho, “what you see over there aren’t giants, but windmills, and what seems to be arms are just their sails that go around in the wind and turn the millstone..

Obviously,” replied Don Quixote, “you don’t know much about adventures..

—Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quixote.

Abstract

This essay concerns the extent to which quantitative research (QR) in management and organizational studies is divorced from ethics, as alleged in a recent JBE editorial by Zyphur and Pierides (2017). After carefully examining the criticisms set forth by Zyphur and Pierides and the merits of the alternative they propose, I conclude that the problems with QR and the researchers who conduct it are arguably much less extreme that Zyphur and Pierides claim. This conclusion is informed by a sampling of QR studies recently published in management journals, which could be further corroborated by a more thorough review and evaluation of QR studies using principles drawn from the ethics literature. I believe this assessment would indicate that, despite room for improvement, QR and ethics can and do peacefully coexist, and quantitative researchers are largely aware of the problems and opportunities associated with integrating their work with ethics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Adams, K. A., & Lawrence, E. K. (2019). Research methods, statistics, and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguinis, H. (1993). Action research and scientific method: Presumed discrepancies and actual similarities. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 29, 416–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aguinis, H., Dalton, D. A., Bosco, F. A., Pierce, C. A., & Dalton, C. M. (2011). Meta-analytic choices and judgment calls: Implications for theory building and testing, obtained effect sizes, and scholarly impact. Journal of Management, 37, 5–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyris, C., Putnam, R., & Smith, D. M. (1985). Action science. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, T. L., & Bowie, N. E. (1997). Ethical theory and business. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentham, J. (1789/1961). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Garden City: Doubleday.

  • Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams, J. M. (2008). The craft of research (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, F. N. (1985). A Janus-headed model of ethical theory: Looking two ways at business/society issues. Academy of Management Review, 10, 568–576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brewerton, P., & Millward, L. (2001). Organizational research methods: A guide for students and researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, A. F., & Nord, W. R. (1996). The bloodless coup: The infiltration of organization science by uncertainty and values. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32, 407–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, T. D., Campbell, D. T., & Peracchio, L. (1990). Quasi-experimentation. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 491–576). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J., Gleser, G., Nanda, H., & Rajaratnam, N. (1972). The dependability of behavioral measurements: Theory of generalizability for scores and profiles. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. C. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, T. (1982). Corporations and morality. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eden, D. (2017). Field experiments in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 91–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, A. S., & Green, D. P. (2012). Field experiments: Design, analysis, and interpretation. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, A. M., & Wall, T. D. (2009). The neglected science and art of quasi-experimentation: Why-to, when-to, and how-to advice for organizational researchers. Organizational Research Methods, 12, 653–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, D., & Levin, M. (Eds.). (2007). Introduction to action research: Social research for social change (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, G. S. (1985). The role of values in the science of psychology. American Psychologist, 40, 255–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyt, W. T. (2000). Rater bias in psychological research: When is it a problem and what can we do about it? Psychological Methods, 5, 64–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel, A. J. (1988). Ethics and values in applied social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 34–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, J. E., Martin, J., & Kulka, R. A. (Eds.). (1982). Judgment calls in research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWilliams, A., Siegel, D., & Van Fleet, D. D. (2005). Scholarly journals as producers of knowledge: theory and empirical evidence based on data envelopment analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 18, 185–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mill, J. S. (1861/1998). Utilitarianism (edited with an introduction by Roger Crisp). New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Mowday, R. T. (1997). Reaffirming our scholarly values. Academy of Management Review, 22, 335–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulaik, S. A. (2009). Foundations of factor analysis (2nd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.). (2008). The Sage handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogelberg, S. G. (Ed.). (2002). Handbook of research methods in industrial and organizational psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (2009). Artifacts in behavioral research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, E. T. (2014). Action research. Los Angeles: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tharenou, P., Donohue, R., & Cooper, B. (2007). Management research methods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treviño, L. K., & Nelson, K. A. (2011). Managing business ethics (5th ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velasquez, M. (2012). Business ethics: Concepts and cases (7th ed.). New York: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanous, J. P., Sullivan, S. E., & Malinak, J. (1989). The role of judgment calls in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 259–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weathington, B. L., Cunningham, C. J. L., & Pittenger, D. J. (2010). Research methods for the behavioral and social sciences. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive measures: Non-reactive research in the social sciences. Skokie, IL: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, E., & Weick, K. E. (1979). Unobtrusive measures in organizational theory: A reminder. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 650–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zyphur, M. J., & Pierides, D. C. (2017). Is quantitative research ethical? Tools for ethically practicing, evaluating, and using quantitative research. Journal of Business Ethics, 143, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey R. Edwards.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.

Informed Consent

Because this article does not contain any studies with human participants, informed consent is not relevant.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Edwards, J.R. The Peaceful Coexistence of Ethics and Quantitative Research. J Bus Ethics 167, 31–40 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04197-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04197-6

Keywords

Navigation