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Monetary Intelligence and Behavioral Economics Across 32 Cultures: Good Apples Enjoy Good Quality of Life in Good Barrels

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Abstract

Monetary Intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the bright side of Monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the macro-level (GDP per capita) and micro-level (Z income). We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to Happiness (money makes people happy). Our theoretical model across three GDP groups offers new discoveries: In high GDP (rich) entities, “high income” not only reduces aspirations—“Rich, Motivator, and Power,” but also promotes stewardship behavior—“Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute” and appreciation of “Achievement.” After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Intelligence: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Intelligence. “Good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels.” This notion adds another explanation to managers’ low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (risk aversion for gains of high probability) (Tang et al. 2015. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2942-4). In low GDP (poor) entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. These managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. We add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples and barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics.

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Notes

  1. “Happiness” is a sub-construct of MI.

  2. We treat China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan as separate geopolitical entities and use the terms geopolitical entities, countries, or cultures interchangeably.

  3. Those who want to get rich are falling into temptation and a trap and into many foolish and harmful desires, which plunge them into ruin and destruction. For the love of money is the root of all evils (1 Timothy 6: 9–10).

  4. Ecclesiastes 5: 10.

  5. Remember then, it is the Lord, your God, who gives you the power to acquire wealth (Deuteronomy 8: 18). He who will not economize will have to agonize (Confucius, 551 BC–479 BC).

  6. It is more blessed to give than to receive (Acts 20: 35). God loves a cheerful giver (2 Corinthians 9: 7). Give and gifts will be given to you (Luke 6: 38).

  7. To anyone who has, more will be given, and he will grow rich; from anyone who has not, even what he has will be taken away (Matthew 13: 12). See also The Parable of the Sower (Matthew 13: 1–14), The Parable of the Talents (Matthew 25: 14–30), and The Parable of the Ten Gold Coins (Luke 19: 12–28).

  8. What your hands provide you will enjoy; you will be happy and prosper (Psalms 128: 2).

    If a person gets his attitude toward money straight, it will help straighten out almost every other area in his life (Billy Graham).

  9. Hebrew 12: 5.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Editor-in-Chief Alex C. Michalos for his dedication to the Journal of Business Ethics and his encouragement, inspiration, and continuous support of our research projects. The senior author would like to thank Faculty Research and Creative Activity Committee of Middle Tennessee State University and all co-authors’ respective institutions for financial support, late Fr. Wiatt Funk and late Prof. Kuan Ying Tang and Fang Chen Tang for their inspiration, and pay special tribute to Prof. Horia D. Pitariu who passed away on March 25, 2010. Adebowale Akande would like to thank Bolanle E. Adetoun, Modupe F. Adewuyi, and Titilola Akande for their assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management, Jennings A. Jones College of Business, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132, USA

    Thomas Li-Ping Tang

  2. Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA

    Toto Sutarso & Richard T. Mpoyi

  3. University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada

    Mahfooz A. Ansari

  4. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Vivien Kim Geok Lim & Thompson Sian Hin Teo

  5. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico

    Fernando Arias-Galicia

  6. Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia

    Ilya E. Garber

  7. Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong

    Randy Ki-Kwan Chiu

  8. University of Nantes, Nantes, France

    Brigitte Charles-Pauvers & Caroline Urbain

  9. University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

    Roberto Luna-Arocas

  10. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Peter Vlerick

  11. Independent Research Collaboration, Durban, South Africa

    Adebowale Akande

  12. İpek University, Ankara, Turkey

    Michael W. Allen

  13. Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman

    Abdulgawi Salim Al-Zubaidi & Ali Mahdi Kazem

  14. University of Malta, Msida, Malta

    Mark G. Borg

  15. University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Luigina Canova & Anna Maria Manganelli

  16. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Bor-Shiuan Cheng

  17. Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon – Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal

    Rosario Correia

  18. Nankai University, Tianjin, China

    Linzhi Du

  19. Technological Institute of Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico

    Consuelo Garcia de la Torre

  20. Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt

    Abdul Hamid Safwat Ibrahim

  21. National Sun-Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

    Chin-Kang Jen

  22. Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea

    Kilsun Kim

  23. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

    Jian Liang, Jingqiu Chen & Ningyu Tang

  24. University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

    Eva Malovics

  25. Federal University of Pará, Pará, Brazil

    Alice S. Moreira

  26. Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

    Anthony Ugochukwu Obiajulu Nnedum

  27. Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Johnsto E. Osagie

  28. International Islamic University of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

    AAhad M. Osman-Gani

  29. Gümüşhane University, Gümüşhane, Turkey

    Mehmet Ferhat Özbek

  30. Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal

    Francisco José Costa Pereira

  31. Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand

    Ruja Pholsward

  32. Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Horia D. Pitariu

  33. University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Marko Polic & Martina Trontelj

  34. University St. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia

    Elisaveta Gjorgji Sardžoska

  35. ALDI, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA

    Petar Skobic

  36. Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, USA

    Allen F. Stembridge

  37. Tang Global Consulting Group, Franklin, TN, USA

    Theresa Li-Na Tang

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  1. Thomas Li-Ping Tang
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  44. Jingqiu Chen
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  45. Ningyu Tang
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Correspondence to Thomas Li-Ping Tang.

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Tang, T.LP., Sutarso, T., Ansari, M.A. et al. Monetary Intelligence and Behavioral Economics Across 32 Cultures: Good Apples Enjoy Good Quality of Life in Good Barrels. J Bus Ethics 148, 893–917 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2980-y

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