Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Relationship Between Social Cynicism Belief, Social Dominance Orientation, and the Perception of Unethical Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Examination in Russia, Portugal, and the United States

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Most studies investigating the relationship between cultural constructs and ethical perception have focused on individual- and societal-level values without much attention to other type of cultural constructs such as social beliefs. In addition, we need to better understand how social beliefs are linked to ethical perception and the level of analysis at which social beliefs may best predict ethical perceptions. This research contributes to the cross-cultural ethical perception literature by examining the relationship of individual-level social cynicism belief, one of five universally endorsed social beliefs, together with individual social dominance orientation and the perception of unethical behavior. By means of two studies, we examine these relationships across societies that significantly differ on societal-level social cynicism belief. Using 371 business students from Russia and the U.S. in Study 1 and 268 professionals from Portugal and the U.S. in Study 2, we found that individual-level social cynicism belief was positively associated with social dominance orientation. Social dominance orientation, in turn, mediated the relationship between individual social cynicism belief and the perception of unethical behavior. Although we found significant societal-level differences in social cynicism belief in both studies, the relationships between individual-level social cynicism belief, social dominance orientation, and the perception of unethical behavior were structurally equivalent across societies in both studies, suggesting that societal-level differences did not significantly affect these relationships. Implications for cross-cultural business ethics research and practice are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahmed, M. M., Chung, K. Y., & Eichenseher, J. W. (2003). Business students’ perception of ethics and moral judgment: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(1), 89–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality and behaviour (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. W. (1935). Attitudes. In C. Murchison (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 802–827). Worcester: Clark University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anand, V., Ashforth, B. E., & Joshi, M. (2004). Business as usual: The acceptance and perpetuation of corruption in organizations. Academy of Management Executive, 18(2), 39–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, R. W., & Sweeney, J. (1994). Industry type, culture, mode of entry and perceptions of international marketing ethics problems: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(10), 775–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnett, J. J. (2002). The psychology of globalization. American Psychologist, 57(10), 774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Au, K. Y. (1999). Intra-cultural variation: Evidence and implications for international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 799–812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F., & May, D. R. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 801–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beekun, R., Hamdy, R., Westerman, J., & HassabElnaby, H. (2008). An exploration of ethical decision-making processes in the United States and Egypt. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(3), 587–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. (1988). Practical issues in structural modeling. In J. S. Long (Ed.), Common problems/proper solutions: Avoiding error in quantitative research (pp. 161–192). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K.-K., & Chemonges-Nielson, Z. (2004a). Combining social axioms with values in predicting social behaviors. European Journal of Personality, 18, 177–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K.-K., de Carrasquel, S. R., Murakami, F., & Lewis, J. R. (2004b). Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(5), 548–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnaz, S., Atakan, M. G., Topcu, Y. I., & Singhapakdi, A. (2009). An exploratory cross-cultural analysis of marketing ethics: The case of Turkish, Thai, and American business people. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(3), 371–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahway: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caricati, L. (2007). The relationship between social dominance orientation and gender: The mediating role of social values. Sex Roles, 57(3–4), 159–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanagh, G. F., & Fritzsche, D. J. (1985). Using vignettes in business ethics research. Research in corporate social performance and policy, 7(3), 279–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S., Bond, M., & Cheung, F. M. (2006). Personality correlates of social axioms: Are beliefs nested within personality? Personality and Individual Differences, 40(3), 509–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S., Cheung, F. M., Bond, M., & Leung, J.-P. (2005). Decomposing the construct of ambivalence over emotional expression in a Chinese cultural context. European Journal of Personality, 19(3), 185–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y., & Tang, T. (2006). Attitude toward and propensity to engage in unethical behavior: Measurement invariance across major among university students. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(1), 77–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christie, P. M. J., Kwon, I.-W. G., Stoeberl, P. A., & Baumhart, R. (2003). A cross-cultural comparison of ethical attitudes of business managers: India, Korea and the United States. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(3), 263–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craft, J. L. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 2004–2011. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(2), 221–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowson, H. M. (2009). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: As mediators of worldview beliefs on attitudes related to the war on terror. Social Psychology, 40(2), 93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darley, J. M. (2005). The cognitive and social psychology of contagious organizational corruption. Brooklyn Law Review, 70(4), 1177–1194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dedeke, A. (2015). A cognitive–intuitionist model of moral judgment. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(3), 437–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denison, D. R. (1990). Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., & Sweitzer, V. L. (2008). Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 374–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, P. C., Davidson, R. A., & Schwartz, B. N. (2001). The effect of organizational culture and ethical orientation on accountants’ ethical judgments. Journal of Business Ethics, 34(2), 101–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 41–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duriez, B., & Van Hiel, A. (2002). The march of modern fascism. A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(7), 1199–1213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erez, M., & Gati, E. (2004). A dynamic, multi-level model of culture: From the micro level of the individual to the macro level of a global culture. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(4), 583–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1998). The life cycle completed: Extended version with chapters on the ninth stage of development by Joan M. Erikson. New York: WW Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazio, R. H. (1989). On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude Structure and Function (pp. 153–179). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, O. C., & Gresham, L. G. (1985). A contingency framework for understanding ethical decision making in marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 49(3), 87–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R., Hanke, K., & Sibley, C. G. (2012). Cultural and institutional determinants of social dominance orientation: A cross-cultural meta-analysis of 27 societies. Political Psychology, 33(4), 437–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritzsche, D. J., & Becker, H. (1982). Business ethics of future marketing managers. Journal of Marketing Education, 4(2), 2–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galperin, B. L., Bennett, R. J., & Aquino, K. (2011). Status differentiation and the protean self: A social-cognitive model of unethical behavior in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(3), 407–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 479–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruenfeld, D. H., Inesi, M. E., Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). Power and the objectification of social targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(1), 111–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haley, H., & Sidanius, J. (2005). Person organization congruence and the maintenance of group-based social hierarchy: A social dominance perspective. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8(2), 187–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heaven, P. C. L., & Connors, J. R. (2001). A note on the value correlates of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(6), 925–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hing, L. S. S., Bobocel, D. R., Zanna, M. P., & McBride, M. V. (2007). Authoritarian dynamics and unethical decision making: High social dominance orientation leaders and high right-wing authoritarianism followers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, J. A. (2010). Ethical perception: are differences between ethnic groups situation dependent? Business Ethics: A European Review, 19(2), 154–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hui, C.-M., & Hui, H.-H. N. (2009). The mileage from social axioms: Learning from the past and looking forward. In K. Leung & M. Bond (Eds.), Psychological aspects of social axioms (pp. 13–30). New York: Springer Science.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. J. (1986). A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, 8(Spring), 5–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. J. (2006). The general theory of marketing ethics: A revision and three questions. Journal of Macromarketing, 26(2), 143–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husted, B. W., & Allen, D. (2008). Toward a model of cross-cultural business ethics: The impact of individualism and collectivism on the ethical decision-making process. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(2), 293–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inesi, M. E. (2010). Power and loss aversion. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 112(1), 58–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkman, B. L., Chen, G., Farh, J.-L., Chen, Z., & Lowe, K. B. (2009). Individual power distance orientation and follower reactions to transformational leaders: A cross-level, cross-cultural examination. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 744–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (2006). A quarter century of “Culture’s Consequences”: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3), 285–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kluckhohn, C. (1951). Values and value orientations in the theory of action. In T. Parsons & E. Shils (Eds.), Towards a general theory of action (pp. 388–433). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konner, M. (2010). Evolutionary foundations of cultural psychology. In S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (pp. 77–105). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, B. C. H., Kwantes, C. T., Towson, S., & Nanson, K. M. (2007). Social beliefs as determinants of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among ethnically diverse university students. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy/Revue canadienne de counseling et de psychothérapie, 40(4), 224–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai, J., Bond, M., & Hui, N. (2007). The role of social axioms in predicting life satisfaction: a longitudinal study in Hong Kong. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(4), 517–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, R. (2004, 27 June 2010). Sam Waksal: I was arrogant. 60 Minutes. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/02/60minutes/main576328.shtml.

  • Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (2004). Social axioms: A model for social beliefs in multicultural perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 119–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, K., & Bond, M. (2009). Introduction. In K. Leung & M. Bond (Eds.), Psychological aspects of social axioms (pp. 1–9). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Leung, K., Bond, M., de Carrasquel, S. R., Munoz, C., Hernandez, M., Murakami, F., et al. (2002). Social axioms: The search for universal dimensions of general beliefs about how the world functions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(3), 286–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lo, L. K. (2006). Comparing the predictive power of social axioms and personality on social anxiety. Unpublished undergraduate thesis. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

  • Lu, L.-C., Rose, G. M., & Blodgett, J. G. (1999). The effects of cultural dimensions on ethical decision making in marketing: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Ethics, 18(1), 91–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luna-Arocas, R., & Tang, T. (2004). The love of money, satisfaction, and the protestant work ethic: Money profiles among university professors in the U.S.A. and Spain. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(4), 329–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, D., & Yoo, S. H. (2006). Toward a new generation of cross-cultural research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(3), 234–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neto, F. (2006). Dimensions and correlates of social axioms among a Portuguese sample. Individual Differences Research, 4(5), 340–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R. E. (2003). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently… and why. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Fallon, M. J., & Butterfield, K. D. (2005). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996–2003. Journal of Business Ethics, 59(4), 375–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F., Liu, J. H., Levin, S., Sidanius, J., Shih, M., Bachrach, H., & Hegarty, P. (2000). Social dominance orientation and the legitimization of inequality across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(3), 369–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Levin, S. (2006). Social dominance theory and the dynamics of intergroup relations: Taking stock and looking forward. European Review of Social Psychology, 17(1), 271–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A., Egri, C. P., Furrer, O., Kuo, M.-H., Li, Y., Wangenheim, F., et al. (2014). Societal-level versus individual-level predictions of ethical behavior: A 48-Society study of collectivism and Individualism. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(2), 283–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. A., Hallinger, P., Egri, C. P., & Naothinsuhk, S. (2005). The effects of culture and life stage on workplace strategies of upward influence: A comparison of Thailand and the United States. Journal of World Business, 40(3), 321–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, D. M., & Gibson, A. M. (1990). Methodology in business ethics research: A review and critical assessment. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(6), 457–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rashid, M. Z. A., & Ho, J. A. (2003). Perceptions of business ethics in a multicultural community: The case of Malaysia. Journal of Business Ethics, 43(1), 75–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Bailón, R., Moya, M., & Yzerbyt, V. (2000). Why do superiors attend to negative stereotypic information about their subordinates? Effects of power legitimacy on social perception. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(5), 651–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt, V. (2012). Hierarchies, power inequalities, and organizational corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(2), 237–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, J., Gomez, C., & Wated, G. (2008). A value-based framework for understanding managerial tolerance of bribery in Latin America. Journal of Business Ethics, 83(2), 341–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarwono, S. S., & Armstrong, R. W. (2001). Microcultural differences and perceived ethical problems: An international business perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(1), 41–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer, B. S., & Riordan, C. M. (2003). A review of cross-cultural methodologies for organizational research: A best-practices approach. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 169–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R. A., & LeVine, R. A. (1984). Culture theory: Essays on mind, self and emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Singelis, T. M., Hubbard, C., Her, P., & An, S. (2003). Convergent validation of the Social Axioms Survey. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(2), 269–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S. J., & Leelakulthanit, O. (1994). A cross-cultural study of moral philosophies, ethical perceptions and judgements: a comparison of American and Thai marketers. International Marketing Review, 11(6), 65–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., & Baumgartner, H. (1998). Assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 25(1), 78–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., de Jong, M. G., & Baumgartner, H. (2010). Socially desirable response tendencies in survey research. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(2), 199–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, T. L.-P., & Chiu, R. K. (2003). Income, money ethic, pay, satisfaction, commitment, and unethical behavior: Is the love of money the root of evil for Hong Kong employees? Journal of Business Ethics, 13(46), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang, T. L.-P., & Tang, T. L.-N. (2010). Finding the lost sheep: A panel study of business students’ intrinsic religiosity, Machiavellianism, and unethical behavior intentions. Ethics and Behavior, 20(5), 352–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taras, V., Kirkman, B. L., & Steel, P. (2010). Examining the impact of Culture’s consequences: a three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede’s cultural value dimensions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Smith-Crowe, K. (2008). Ethical decision making: Where we’ve been and where we’re going. Academy of Management Annals, 2(1), 545–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, D. C., Brannen, M. Y., & Garcia, D. (2010). Bicultural individuals and intercultural effectiveness. European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management, 1(4), 315–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torelli, C. J., & Shavitt, S. (2010). Culture and concepts of power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(4), 703–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Treviño, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 601–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R., & Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Behavioral ethics in organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32(6), 951–990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S. S., & Ou, A. (2007). Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behavior research: Advances, gaps, and recommendations. Journal of Management, 33(3), 426–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tung, R. L. (2008). The cross-cultural research imperative: The need to balance cross-national and intra-national diversity. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(1), 41–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van de Vijver, F., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis of comparative research. In J. Berry, P. Dasen, & T. S. Saraswanthi (Eds.), Handbook of cultural psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 257–300). Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S. J., Nwachukwu, S. L., & Barnes, J. H. (1993). The effects of culture on ethical decision-making: An application of Hofstede’s typology. Journal of Business Ethics, 12(10), 753–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Management Department, College of Business Administration, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA

    Valerie Alexandra

  2. Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Maurice Keyworth Building, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK

    Miguel M. Torres

  3. European Business School, I. Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia

    Olga Kovbasyuk

  4. Management Information Systems Department, College of Business Administration, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA

    Theophilus B. A. Addo

  5. Psychology Department, Salgado de Oliveira University, Rua Marquês deValença, 80 Apto. 602–Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-030, Brazil

    Maria Cristina Ferreira

Authors
  1. Valerie Alexandra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Miguel M. Torres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Olga Kovbasyuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Theophilus B. A. Addo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Maria Cristina Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Valerie Alexandra.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Alexandra, V., Torres, M.M., Kovbasyuk, O. et al. The Relationship Between Social Cynicism Belief, Social Dominance Orientation, and the Perception of Unethical Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Examination in Russia, Portugal, and the United States. J Bus Ethics 146, 545–562 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2925-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2925-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation