Abstract
In three studies, we examined the relationship between implicit negotiation beliefs, moral disengagement, and a negotiator’s ethical attitudes and behavior. Study 1 found correlations between an entity theory that negotiation skills are fixed rather than malleable, moral disengagement, and appropriateness of marginally ethical negotiation tactics. Mediation analysis supported a model in which moral disengagement facilitated the relationship between entity theory and support for unethical tactics. Study 2 provided additional support for the mediation model in a sample of MBA students, whereby predispositions to morally disengage mediated the effect of dispositional entity beliefs on unethical behavior in a negotiation exercise. In study 3, we manipulated implicit beliefs prior to a negotiation simulation and found that entity beliefs predict deception through two sequential mediators, extreme opening bids and state moral disengagement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1972). Attitudes and normative beliefs as factors influencing behavioral intentions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 1–9.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In A. Albarracin, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173–221). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Anderman, E. M., & Danner, F. (2008). Achievement goals and academic cheating. International Review of Social Psychology, 21, 155–180.
Aquino, K., & Reed, A, I. I. (2002). The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1423–1440.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Bandura, A. (1990). Selective activation and disengagement of moral control. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 27–46.
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetuation of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193–209.
Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101–119.
Baron, R. A., Zhao, H., & Miao, Q. (2015). Personal motives, moral disengagement, and unethical decisions by entrepreneurs: Cognitive mechanisms on the “slippery slope”. Journal of Business Ethics, 128, 107–118.
Bergen, R. (1992). Beliefs about intelligence and achievement-related behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois atUrbana–Champaign.
Brief, A. P., Buttram, R. T., & Dukerich, J. M. (2001). Collective corruption in the corporate world: Toward a process model. In M. E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: theory and research (pp. 477–499). Marwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chaiken, S., & Trope, Y. (Eds.). (1999). Dual-process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford Press.
Chiu, C., Dweck, C. S., Tong, J. Y., & Fu, J. H. (1997). Implicit theories and conceptions of morality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 923–940.
Christian, J. S., & Ellis, A. P. J. (2014). The crucial role of turnover intentions in transforming moral disengagement into deviant behavior at work. Journal of Business Ethics, 119, 193–208.
Corrion, K., D’Arripe-Longueville, F., Chalabaev, A., Schiano-Lomoriello, S., Roussel, P., & Cury, F. (2010). Effect of implicit theories on judgment of cheating acceptability in physical education: The mediating role of achievement goals. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 909–919.
Crawshaw, J. R., Bell, C. M., Cropanzano, R., & Nadisic, T. (2013). Organisational justice: New insights from behavioural ethics. Human Relations, 66(7), 1–20.
Darnon, C., Muller, D., Schrager, S. M., Pannuzzo, N., & Butera, F. (2006). Mastery and performance goals predict epistemic and relational conflict regulation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 766–776.
De Cremer, D., van Dick, R., Tenbrunsel, A., Pillutla, M., & Murnighan, J. K. (2011). Understanding ethical behavior and decision making in management: A behavioural business ethics approach. British Journal of Management, 22, S1–S4.
Detert, J. R., Trevino, L. K., & Sweitzer, V. L. (2008). Moral disengagement in ethical decision making: A study of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 374–391.
Dweck, C. S. (2000). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. New York: Psychology Press.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256–273.
Ekman, P. (2001). Telling lies: Clues to deceit in the marketplace, politics, and marriage. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc.
Elfenbein, H. A., Curhan, J. R., Eisenkraft, N., Shirako, A., & Baccaro, L. (2008). Are some negotiators better than others? Individual differences in bargaining outcomes. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1463–1475.
Elliott, E. S., & Dweck, C. S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 5–12.
Fabrigar, L. R., MacDonald, T. K., & Wegener, D. T. (2005). The Structure of attitudes. In A. Albarracin, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 79–124). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gino, F., Ayal, S., & Ariely, D. (2009). Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psychological Science, 20, 393–398.
Gino, F., & Pierce, L. (2009). The abundance effect: Unethical behavior in the presence of wealth. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 142–155.
Grant, H., & Dweck, C. S. (2003). Clarifying achievement goals and their impact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 541–553.
Harackiewicz, J. M., Manderlink, G., & Sansone, C. (1984). Rewarding pinball wizardry: Effects of evaluation and cue value on intrinsic interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 287–300.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Hong, Y. Y., Chiu, C. Y., Dweck, C. S., Lin, D. M. S., & Wan, W. (1999). Implicit theories, attributions, and coping: A meaning system approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 588–599.
Judd, C. M., Drake, R. S., Downing, J. W., & Krosnick, J. A. (1991). Some dynamic properties of attitude structures: Context-induced response facilitation and polarization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 193–202.
Judd, C. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (1989). The structural basis of consistency among political attitudes: Effects of political expertise and attitude importance. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 99–128). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kahneman, D. (2013). Thinking fast and thinking slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Karp, R., Gold, D., & Tan, M. (1998). Bullard Houses. In J. M. Brett (Ed.), Teaching materials for negotiation and decision making, 2008. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, Dispute Resolution Research Center.
Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York: Guilford Press.
Kern, M. C., & Chugh, D. (2009). Bounded ethicality the perils of loss framing. PsychologicalScience, 20, 378–384.
Kray, L. J., & Haselhuhn, M. P. (2007). Implicit negotiation beliefs and performance: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 49–64.
Kray, L. J., & Haselhuhn, M. P. (2012). Male pragmatism in negotiators’ ethical reasoning. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1124–1131.
Lavine, H., Thomsen, C. J., & Gonzales, M. H. (1997). The development of inter-attitudinal consistency: The shared-consequences model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 735–749.
Lewicki, R. J., & Robinson, R. J. (1998). Ethical and unethical bargaining tactics: An empirical study. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(6), 665–682.
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7, 83.
Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. (2008). The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research, 45, 633–644.
Mischel, W. (1977). The interaction of person and situation. In D. Magnusson & N. S. Endler (Eds.), Personality at the crossroads: Current issues in interactional psychology (pp. 333–352). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Trevino, L. K., Baker, V. L., & Mayer, D. M. (2012). Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior. Personnel Psychology, 65, 1–48.
Olekalns, M., Horan, C. J., & Smith, P. L. (2014a). Maybe it’s right, maybe it’s wrong: Structural and social determinants of deception in negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(1), 89–102.
Olekalns, M., Kulik, C. T., & Chew, L. (2014b). Sweet little lies: Social context and the use of deception in negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(1), 13–26.
Olekalns, M., & Smith, P. L. (2009). Mutually dependent: Power, trust, affect and the use of deception in negotiation. Journal of Business Ethics, 85, 347–365.
Perry, A. R., Kane, K. M., Bernesser, K. J., & Spicker, P. T. (1990). Type a behavior, competitive achievement-striving, and cheating among college students. Psychological Reports, 66, 459–465.
Poortvliet, P. M., Janssen, O., Van Yperen, N. W., & Van de Vliert, E. (2007). Achievement goals and interpersonal behavior: How mastery and performance goals shape information exchange. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1435–1447.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 717–731.
Robinson, R. J., Lewicki, R. J., & Donahue, E. M. (2000). Extending and testing a five factor model of ethical and unethical bargaining tactics: Introducing the SINS scale. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 649–664.
Ryan, A. M., & Pintrich, P. R. (1997). “Should I ask for help?” The role of motivation and attitudes in adolescents’ help seeking in math class. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 329–341.
Schweitzer, M., DeChurch, L. A., & Gibson, D. E. (2005). Conflict frames and the use of deception: Are competitive negotiators less ethical? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 2123–2149.
Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., & Trope, Y. (Eds.). (2014). Dual-process theories of the social mind. New York: Guilford Press.
Shu, L. L., Gino, F., & Bazerman, M. H. (2011). Dishonest deed, clear conscience: When cheating leads to moral disengagement and motivated forgetting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 330–349.
Smith, C. P., Ryan, E. R., & Diggins, D. R. (1972). Moral decision making: Cheating on examinations. Journal of Personality, 40, 640–660.
Tasa, K., Celani, A., & Bell, C. M. (2013). Goals in negotiation revisited: The impact of goal setting and implicit negotiation beliefs. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 6, 102–120.
Tenbrunsel, A. E. (1998). Misrepresentation and expectations of misrepresentation in an ethical dilemma: The role of incentives and temptation. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 330–339.
Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Messick, D. M. (1999). Sanctioning systems, decision frames, and cooperation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 684–707.
Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Messick, D. M. (2004). Ethical fading: The role of self-deception in unethical behavior. Social Justice Research, 17, 223–236.
Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Smith-Crowe, K. (2008). Ethical decision making: Where we’ve been and where we’re going. The Academy of Management Annals, 2, 545–607.
Tinsley, C. H., O’Connor, K. M., & Sullivan, B. A. (2002). Tough guys finish last: The perils of a distributive reputation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 88, 621–642.
Trevino, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 11, 601–617.
Wong, E. M., Haselhuhn, M. P., & Kray, L. J. (2012). Improving the future by considering the past: The impact of upward counterfactual reflection and implicit beliefs on negotiation performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 403–406.
Wyer, R. S., & Albarraacin, D. (2005). Belief formation, organization and change: Cognitive and motivational influences. In A. Albarracin, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The Handbook of Attitudes (pp. 273–322). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The data collection procedures reported in this manuscript were approved by the York University Ethics Review Committee. Informed consent was obtained by all human subjects, in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tasa, K., Bell, C.M. Effects of Implicit Negotiation Beliefs and Moral Disengagement on Negotiator Attitudes and Deceptive Behavior. J Bus Ethics 142, 169–183 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2800-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2800-4