Skip to main content
Log in

Responsible Management, Incentive Systems, and Productivity

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A disconnect remains between theories about responsible management and application in real-life organizations. Part of the reason is due to the complexity and holistic nature of the field, and the fact that many of the benefits of aligning business objectives with changing societal conditions are of an intangible nature. Human resource management is an increasingly important part of the field with benefits including talent retention, higher levels of motivation, and improvements in organizational cohesion. This paper sets out an experiment run at a large Spanish university to try to analyze the impact on worker productivity of a responsible management stance by an employer. Based on the Corporate Social Performance model, the paper examines the issue from the point of view of responsibilities, responsiveness, and outcomes, and considers the cost/benefit effect of incorporating a social responsibility variable into the wage structure to measure the impact on productivity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The original article was published in the New York Times in 1971. It was republished in 2007.

  2. For cultural, social, and political reasons, there will always be discrepancy in meaning, what it covers, how it should be applied, who should pay for it etc. (Welford 2005).

  3. A good recent example is the News of the World tabloid newspaper in the UK and the scandal involving wire-tapping of individual’s telephones and hacking of their emails. Britain’s oldest newspaper found itself obliged to shut down in 2011 not because of any legal action by the government, but due to withdrawal of its legitimacy to operate by the British public (The Telegraph, July 19, 2011).

  4. The legal obligations are not of interest to us here, as our aim is to demonstrate that actions above and beyond the legal requirements are the cutting edge of CSP—competitive advantage.

  5. Hence, the growing emphasis companies place on rankings such as MERCO and Great Place to Work.

  6. In total we spent slightly more than €500. We had hoped to contract a larger number of participants but due to time and resource constraints, it wasn’t possible.

  7. For example, a recent study by researchers at Notre Dame University suggests that energy-efficient buildings create more productive workers. See: http://energy.nd.edu/news/29876-more-than-tree-hugging-green-companies-earn-more-green-new-study-shows/

References

  • Aldama, L. R. P., Amar, P. A., & Trostianki, D. W. (2009). Embedding corporate responsibility through effective organizational structures. Corporate Governance, 9(4), 506–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aupperle, K. E., Carroll, A. B., & Hatfield, J. D. (1985). An empirical examination of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and profitability. Academy of Management Journal, 28(2), 446–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badaracco, J. L., Jr., & Webb, A. P. (1995). A view from the trenches. California Management Review, 37(2), 8–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becchetti, L., Giacoma, S. D., & Pinnacchio, D. (2005). The impact of social responsibility on productivity and efficiency of us listed companies. Paper presented at the XIII Tor Vergata Financial Conference.

  • Bergstrom, T. C., & Stark, O. (1993). How altruism can prevail in an evolutionary environment. The American Economic Review, 83(2), 149–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brickley, J. A., Smith, C. W, Jr., & Zimmerman, J. L. (2002). Business ethics and organizational architecture. Journal of Banking & Finance, 26(9), 1821–1835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. L. (2007). Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. The Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 946–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, A. B. (1998). The four faces of corporate citizenship. Business and Society Review, 100(1), 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier, J., & Esteban, R. (2007). Corporate social responsibility and employee commitment. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(1), 19–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creech, H., & Willard, T. (2001). Strategic intentions: Managing knowledge networks for sustainable development. Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development Winnipeg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cropanzano, R., Byrnea, Z. S., Bobocelb, D. R., & Rupp D. E. (2001). Moral virtues, fairness heuristics, social entities, and other denizens of organizational justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(2), 164–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumpler, H., & Grossman, P. J. (2008). An experimental test of warm glow giving. Journal of Public Economics, 92(5), 1011–1021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P., & Victor, B. (2003). The effects of ethical climates on organizational commitment: A two-study analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 127–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlsrud, A. (2008). How corporate social responsibility is defined: An analysis of 37 definitions. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(1), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. (1973). The case for and against business assumption of social responsibilities. Academy of Management Journal, 16(2), 312–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, J. (2005). Corporate responsibility: The communication challenge. Journal of Communication Management, 9(2), 108–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Madariaga, J. G., & Valor, C. (2007). Stakeholders management systems: Empirical insights from relationship marketing and market orientation perspectives. Journal of Business Ethics, 71(4), 425–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, D., & Villeval, M. C. (2004). Does monitoring decrease work effort?. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA): The complementarity between agency and crowding-out theories.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, T., & Dunfee, T. W. (1994). Toward a unified conception of business ethics: Integrative social contracts theory. The Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 252–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2010). Maximizing business returns to corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of CSR communication. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1), 8–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenwick, T., & Bierema, L. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: Issues for human resource development professionals. International Journal of Training and Development, 12(1), 24–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francois, P., & Vlassopoulos, M. (2008). Pro-social motivation and the delivery of social services. CESifo Economic Studies, 54(1), 22–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey, B. S. (2007). Does monitoring increase work effort? The rivalry with trust and loyalty. Economic Inquiry, 31(4), 663–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M. (2007). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. Corporate Ethics and Corporate Governance, pp. 173–178.

  • Frynas, J. G. (2005). The false developmental promise of Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from multinational oil companies. International Affairs, 81(3), 581–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garriga, E., & Melé, D. (2004). Corporate social responsibility theories: Mapping the territory. Journal of Business Ethics, 53(1), 51–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greening, D. W., & Turban, D. B. (2000). Corporate social performance as a competitive advantage in attracting a quality workforce. Business & Society, 39(3), 254–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harford, T. (2009). The logic of life: Uncovering the new economics of everything. UK: Little Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, D. (2001). The case against corporate social responsibility. Policy-St Leonards, 17(2), 28–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husted, B. W., & Allen, D. B. (2000). Is it ethical to use ethics as strategy? Journal of Business Ethics, 27(1–2), 21–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, H. S. (2000). Reinforcing ethical decision making through organizational structure. Journal of Business Ethics, 28(1), 43–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, E., & Von Glinow, M. A. (1985). Ethical ambivalence and organizational reward systems. Academy of Management Review, 10, 814–822.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, T. M. (1980). Corporate social responsibility revisited, redefined. California Management Review, 22(3), 59–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin, T. (2003). Corporate social responsibility: A brand explanation. The Journal of Brand Management, 10(4), 312–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan, W., & Tuuk, E. (2012). Corporate social responsibility: Implications for human resources and talent engagement. Cornell University Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies.

  • Lamberti, L., & Lettieri, E. (2009). CSR practices and corporate strategy: Evidence from a longitudinal case study. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(2), 153–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, S. D., & List, J. A. (2007). What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world? The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(2), 153–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2004). What should we do about motivation theory? Six recommendations for the twenty-first century. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 388–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (2001). Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 117–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehan, J., Meehan, K., & Richards, A. (2006). Corporate social responsibility: The 3C-SR model. International Journal of Social Economics, 33(5/6), 386–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miwa, Y. (1998). Corporate social responsibility: Dangerous and harmful though maybe not irrelevant. Cornell Law Review, 84, 1227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nidumolu, R., Prahalad, C. K., & Rangaswami, M. R. (2009). Why sustainability is now the key driver of innovation. Harvard Business Review, 56, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paquette, S., & Wiseman, E. (2006). Knowledge for sustainable development: The role of knowledge networks & organizational learning. AMCIS 2006 Proceedings. Paper 215.

  • Pedersen, E. R. (2006). Making corporate social responsibility (CSR) operable: How companies translate stakeholder dialogue into practice. Business and Society Review, 111(2), 137–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polonsky, M. J., & Jevons, C. (2006). Understanding issue complexity when building a socially responsible brand. European Business Review, 18(5), 340–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). The big idea: Creating shared value. Harvard Business Review, 89(1–2), 62–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasche, A., & Esser, D. E. (2006). From stakeholder management to stakeholder accountability. Journal of Business Ethics, 65(3), 251–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redington, I. (2005). Making CSR happen: The contribution of people management. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.

  • Rowley, T., & Berman, S. (2000). A brand new brand of corporate social performance. Business & Society, 39(4), 397–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rupp, D. E., Ganapathi, J., Aquilera, R. V., & Williams, C. A. (2006). Employee reactions to corporate social responsibility: An organizational justice framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 537–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, M. (2001). The nature of the relationship between corporate codes of ethics and behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(3), 247–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, S., Sharma, J., & Devi, A. (2011). Corporate social responsibility: The key role of human resource management. In R. Simons (Ed.), Human resource management: Issues, challenges and opportunities. CRC Press.

  • Staw, B. M. (1980). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In H. J. Leavitt, L. R. Pondy, & D. M. Boje (Eds.), Readings in managerial psychology (pp. 23–61). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teoh, H. Y., & Shiu, G. Y. (1990). Attitudes towards corporate social responsibility and perceived importance of social responsibility information characteristics in a decision context. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(1), 71–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tonin, M., & Vlassopoulos, M. (2010). Disentangling the sources of pro-socially motivated effort: A field experiment. Journal of Public Economics, 94(11), 1086–1092.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Marrewijk, M., & Werre, M. (2003). Multiple levels of corporate sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 44(2), 107–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilanova, M., Lozano J. M., & Arenas, D. (2009). Exploring the nature of the relationship between CSR and competitiveness. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 57–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waddock, S. A., & Graves, S. B. (1997). The corporate social performance—Financial performance link. Strategic Management Journal, 18(4), 303–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wartick, S. L., & Cochran, P. L. (1985). The evolution of the corporate social performance model. Academy of Management Review, 10(4), 758–769.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welford, R. (2005). Corporate social responsibility in Europe, North America and Asia. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 17(1), 33–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D. J. (1991). Corporate social performance revisited. Academy of Management Review, 16, 691–718.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zollo, M. (2004). Philanthropy or CSR: A strategic choice. Paper presented at the London European Business Forum.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ivan Hilliard.

Appendices

Appendix 1

See Table 4.

Table 4 Task instructions

Appendix 2

See Table 5.

Table 5 The social initiatives presented to Group 2 and 3 participants

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

See Table 6.

Table 6  

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hilliard, I. Responsible Management, Incentive Systems, and Productivity. J Bus Ethics 118, 365–377 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1570-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1570-5

Keywords

Navigation