Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Community Development and Social Regeneration: How the Third Sector Addresses the Needs of BME Communities in Post-Industrial Cities

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Interest in third sector organisations (TSOs) is growing as their role in addressing social regeneration, especially in urban environments, is regarded as crucial by governmental and supra-governmental organisations. The challenge is increased in multicultural environments, where those from ethnic minorities may struggle to participate in the mainstream economy and society more broadly. There is an assumption that TSOs make a positive contribution to the social good of the diverse communities and client groups that they serve. However, although there have been many studies of ethicality in commercial and public sector organisations, few focus on TSOs. Furthermore, black and minority ethnic (BME) TSOs, in particular face specific pressures, caught between the high expectations of their capacity to engage with diverse communities where the public sector has failed and, in common with all TSOs, the struggle to secure the resources necessary to manage their organisations and deliver front-line services. In this article, we investigate how implicitly ethicality is constructed in TSOs, including those with a primary mission to provide support for and services to BME communities. Building on information obtained for 305 TSOs in a post-industrial city we develop a structural equation model (SEM) in order to evaluate the relationships between elements that we argue comprise ethicality. We then assess the manner in which TSOs generally, and BME TSOs specifically, vary in the manner in which they communicate their ethical purpose and the outcomes of their actions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Afridi, A., & Warmington, J. (2009). The Pied Piper: The BME third sector and UK race relations policy. Birmingham: BRAP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin, A. (2006). The good city. Urban Studies, 43, 1009–1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arneson, R. J. (2004). Moral limits on the demands of beneficence? In D. K. Chatterjee (Ed.), The ethics of assistance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M. (2009). Structural equation modelling with AMOS: Basic concepts. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carley, M. (2000). Urban partnerships, governance and the regeneration of Britain’s Cities. International Planning Studies, 5, 273–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chell, E. (2007). Social enterprise and entrepreneurship. International Small Business Journal, 25, 5–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary, E., & Ahmed, S. (2002). The shifting meaning of governance: Public accountability of third sector organizations in an emergent global regime. International Journal of Public Administration, 25, 561–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J. (2004). Dissolving the public realm? The logics and limits of neo-liberalism. Journal of Social Policy, 33, 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • COEMO. (2009). Report on change up (gaps and needs): A survey of infrastructure support services for black and minority ethnic groups in Bradford and district. http://www.coemo.co.uk/change_up_report.pdf.

  • Commission for Racial Equality. (2001). UK, Report on the Bradford Riots (Chair, Lord Ouseley). London: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran, M. (2006). The challenge of urban regeneration in deprived European neighbourhoods: A partnership approach. The Economic and Social Review, 37, 399–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornelius, N., Todres, M. T., Janjuha-Jivraj, S., Woods, A., & Wallace, J. (2008). Corporate social responsibility and the social enterprise. Journal of Business Ethics, 81, 355–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornelius, N., & Trueman, M. (2007). The regeneration challenge in the developed world: Insights generated from a capabilities approach applied to the understanding of regeneration efforts in post-industrial cities. Education, Knowledge and Economy, 2, 155–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornelius, N., & Wallace, J. (2012). Capabilities, urban unrest and social enterprise: Limits of the actions of third sector organizations. International Journal of Public Sector Management, in press.

  • Darby, L., & Jenkins, H. (2006). Applying sustainability indicators to the social enterprise business model: The development and application of an indicator set for Newport Wastesavers, Wales. International Journal of Social Economics, 33, 411–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, J. (2002). Building cohesive communities: A Report of the Ministerial Group on Public Order and Community Cohesion. The Denham Report. London: Home Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, J., & Southern, A. (2006). Research into regeneration: Gaps in our knowledge base. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 26(5–6), 189–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, W. R., & Goldstein, M. (1984). Multivariate analysis: Methods and applications (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics). London: Wiley Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • DIVA. (2010). The Voluntary Organisations Database for Bradford District. http://www.divabradford.org.uk/.

  • Downe, J., & Martin, S. (2006). Joined up policy in practice? The coherence and impacts of the local government modernisation agenda. Local Government Studies, 32, 465–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. London: Chapman and Hall/CRC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egonsson, D. (1999). Local solidarity. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2, 149–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Regional Business and Economic Development Unit. (2010). Changing funding programmes: Impacts and consequences. http://www.yhregforum.org.uk/publications.

  • Fisher, J. (2008). Mapping the Economic Downturn. Local Government Chronicle, 11 December 2008. http://www.lgcplus.com/mapping-the-economic-downturn/1946130.article. Accessed May 1, 2010.

  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehrke, N. (1988). Towards a definition of mentoring. Theory into Practice, 27, 190–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J., & Afflect, A. (2008). Social enterprise resisting social accounting: Reflecting on lived experience. Social Enterprise Journal, 4, 41–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glennerster, H., Lupton, R., Noden, P., & A. Power. (1999). Poverty, Social Exclusion and Neighbourhood: Studying the Area Bases for Social Exclusion, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion (CASE), CASE Paper 22, March, London School of Economics, London.

  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. London: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • HMSO. (2006). Service transformation: A better service for citizens and businesses, a better deal for taxpayers. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • HM Treasury. (2004). Releasing resourcing to the front line: Independent review of public efficiency, Sir Peter Gershon CBE. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Home Office. (2001). Community cohesion: A report of the independent review team, (Ted Cantle, Chair), HMSO, London. http://tinyurl.com/CCreport.

  • Hood, C. (1998). The art of the state: Culture rhetoric, and public management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/voluntary-sector/social-enterprise.aspx.

  • Hull, A. (2000). Neighbourhood renewal: A toolkit for regeneration. GeoJournal, 5, 301–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, L. (1979). Some Food We Could Not Eat: Gift Exchange and the Imagination. The Kenyon Review, New Series, 1, 32–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, M. L. (2006). The life giving gift of acknowledgement: A philosophical and rhetorical inquiry. USA: Purdue University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ipsos Mori Survey of the Third Sector (2009). London: The Cabinet Office. http://www.nstso.com.

  • Jacobs, J. (2000). The death and life of Great American Cities. London: Pimlico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jan-Khan, M. (2003). The right to riot? Community Development Journal, 28, 32–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (1994). Fairness and beneficence (J. W. Ellington, Trans.) Indianapolis: Hackett.

  • Koenig, M., & de Guchteniere, P. (2007). Democracy and human rights in multicultural societies. Ashgate, London: United Nations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, R. M. (2002). A third sector in the third millennium. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Non-Profit Organizations, 11, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutner, M. H., Neter, J., Nachtsheim, C. J., & Wasserman, W. (2004). Applied linear statistical models. London: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lejano, R. P., & Wessells, A. T. (2006). Community and economic development: Seeking common ground in discourse and practice. Urban Studies, 43, 1469–1489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, G. (2001). Mapping the contribution of the voluntary and community sector in Yorkshire and the Humber. Yorkshire and the Humber Regional Forum. http://www.knowledgebank.org.uk/uploads/files/260.pdf.

  • Lin, N. (2001). Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loukaitou-Sidiris, A. (2000). Re-visiting inter-city strips: A framework for community and economic development. Economic Development Quarterly, 14(2), 165–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, L. B. (1993). The demands of beneficence. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 22(4), 267–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, J. (2001). Modernising governance: New labour. London: Policy and Society Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J. (2009a). A guide to social return on investment. http://tonyurl.

  • Nicholls, A. (Ed.). (2009b). Social entrepreneurship: New models of sustainable social change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, M. C., & Sen, A. (Eds.). (1993). The quality of life. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2003). Mid-2003 Population Statistics (Bradford District).

  • Office for the Deputy Prime Minister. (2003). A new direction for the social exclusion unit 20042005: Improving service delivery for the most disadvantaged, Social Exclusion Unit, September.

  • Pennant, R. (2005). Diversity trust and community participation in England. London: Home Office Research Development and Statistics, HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollitt, C., & Bouckaert, G. (2004). Public management reform: A comparative analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putman, R. (2001). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. USA: Simon Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridley-Duff, R. (2008). Social enterprise as a socially rational business. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 14, 291–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringle, C. M., Wendle, S., & Will, A. (2005). SmartPLS 2.0. Hamburg, Germany: University of Hamburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Selsky, J. W., & Parker, B. (2005). Cross-sector partnerships to address social issues: Challenges to theory and practice. Journal of Management, 31, 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1992). Inequality re-examined. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (2009). The idea of justice. London: Allen Lane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Somers, A. B. (2005). Shaping the balanced scorecard for use in UK social enterprises. Social Enterprise Journal, 1, 43–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J., & Doherty, B. (2006). The diverse world of social enterprise: A collection of social enterprise stories. International Journal of Social Economics, 33, 361–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todres, M., Cornelius, N., Janjuha-Jivraj, S., & Woods, A. (2006). Developing emerging social enterprises through capacity building. Social Enterprise Journal, 1, 61–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunstall, R., & Fenton, A. (2008). Communities in recession: The impact on deprived neighbourhoods. York: Joseph Rowntree. http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/communities-recession-impact-neighbourhoods.pdf.

  • UN-Habitat. (2010a). Urban World: A New Chapter in Urban Development. http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2960.

  • UN-Habitat Report. (2010b). http://www.unhabitat.org/.

  • United Nations. (2010a). The world urban campaign: Better city, better life. February UN Habitat.

  • United Nations. (2010b). Inclusive cities, United Nations human settlement programme.

  • Voice4Change. (2007). Report: What we know about the BME Third Sector. http://www.voice4change-england.co.uk/assets/files/V4CE_Bridge_the_Gap_What_is_known_about_the_BME_Third_Sector_in_England_October2007.pdf.

  • Voice4Change. (2009). Report: Building a thriving BME Third Sector. http://www.voice4change-england.co.uk/assets/files/V4CE_Building%20a_Thriving_BME_Third_Sector_Declaration_of_Intent_October2007.pdf.

  • Yorkshire Forward. (2005). Making a difference: Proposing options for effective black and minority voluntary and community sector engagement across Yorkshire and Humber. http://www.yhregforum.org.uk/publications_resources/knowledgebase/400/152.pdf.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nelarine Cornelius.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wallace, J., Cornelius, N. Community Development and Social Regeneration: How the Third Sector Addresses the Needs of BME Communities in Post-Industrial Cities. J Bus Ethics 97 (Suppl 1), 43–54 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1074-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1074-8

Keywords

Navigation