Abstract
Customer orientation (CO) and the development of long-term relationships with customers are known conditions for growth and profit sustainability. Businesses use special treatments, inducements, and personal gestures to show their appreciation to customers. However, there are concerns about whether these inducements really create the right perceptions in customer’s mind. This study suggests that when customers believe that the firm is ethical, the inducements and special treatments received are seen in a positive light and can help develop loyalty. The hypotheses were tested with responses from 299 customers of financial institutions in Chile. Results support the hypotheses that firm’s ethical reputation helps in retaining customers. Managerial implications are provided.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahearne, M., C. B. Bhattacharya, and T. Gruen: 2005, ‹Antecedents and Consequences of Customer-Company Identification: Expanding the Role of Relationship Marketing,’ Journal of Applied Psychology 90(May) 574-85.
Ahearne, M., R. Jelinek, and E. Jones 2007 ‹Examining the Effect of Salesperson Service Behavior in a Competitive Context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 35: 603-16.
Anderson, J. C., J. A. Narus, and W. van Rossum 2006 ‹Customer Value Propositions in Business Markets,’ Harvard Business Review 84(March), 90-99.
Armstrong, Robert W.: 1996, ‹The Relationship between Culture and Perception of Ethical Problems in International Marketing,’ Journal of Business Ethics 15(11), 1199-1208.
Babin, B. J., M. Griffin, and J. S. Boles 2004 ‹Buyer Reactions to Ethical Beliefs in the Retail Environment,’ Journal of Business Research 57(October) 1155-63.
Bejou, D., C. T. Ennew, and A. Palmer: 1998, ‹Trust, Ethics and Relationship Satisfaction,’ The International Journal of Bank Marketing 16(4/5): 170-78.
Bell, S. J., B. Menguc, and S. L. Stefani: 2004, ‹When Customers Disappoint: A Model of Relational Internal Marketing and Customer Complaints,’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 32(Spring) 112-26.
Belonax, J. J., S. J. Newell, and R. E. Plank: 2007, ‹The Role of Purchase Importance on Buyer Perceptions of the Trust and Expertise Components of Supplier and Salesperson Credibility in Business-to-Business Relationships,’ Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 27(Summer) 247-258.
Beltramini, R. F. 2000 ‹Exploring the Effectiveness of Business Gifts: Replication and Extension,’ Journal of Advertising 29(Summer) 75-78.
Bendixen, M. and R. Abratt: 2007, ‹Corporate Identity, Ethics and Reputation in Supplier and Buyer Relationships,’ Journal of Business Ethics 76: 69-82.
Cano, C. R., Carrillat F., and F. Jaramillo: 2004, ‹A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Market Orientation and Business Performance: Evidence from Five Continents,’ International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21(2), 179-200.
Carrillat, F. A., Jaramillo, F., and Mulki J. P.: 2009, ‹Examining the Impact of Service Quality: A Meta-Analysis of Empirical Evidence,’ Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 17(2), 95-110.
Cooper, R. W., G. L. Frank, and R. A. Kemp.: 1997, ‹The Ethical Environment Facing the Profession of Purchasing and Materials Management,’ International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management 33(Spring) 2-12.
Deng, S., and Dart, J.: 1994, ‹Measuring Market Orientation: A Multi-Factor, Multi-Item Approach’, Journal of Marketing Management 10(8), 725-42.
Dennis, I 2007 ‹Halo Effects in Grading Student Projects,’ Journal of Applied Psychology 92(July) 1169-76.
Deshpande, R., J. Farley, and J. F. Webster: 1993, ‹Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation, and Innovativeness in Japanese Firms: A Quadrad Analysis,’ Journal of Marketing 57(January) 23-38.
Dompnier, B., P. Pansu, and P. Bressoux: 2006, ‹An Integrative Model of Scholastic Judgments: Pupils’ Characteristics, Class Context, Halo Effect and Internal Attributions,’ European Journal of Psychology of Education 21(June) 119-33.
Dunfee, T. W., N. C. Smith, and W. T. Ross, Jr 1999 ‹Social Contracts and Marketing Ethics,’ The Journal of Marketing 63: 14-32.
Fisher, J 2007 ‹Business Marketing and the Ethics of Gift Giving,’ Industrial Marketing Management 36(January) 99-108.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D 1981 ‹Evaluating Structural Equations Model with Unobserved Variables and Measurement Error,’ Journal of Marketing Research 18(February) 39-50.
Gao, T., M. J. Sirgy, and M. M. Bird: 2005, ‹Reducing Buyer Decision-Making Uncertainty in Organizational Purchasing: Can Supplier Trust, Commitment, and Dependence Help?,’ Journal of Business Research 58(4), 397-405.
Gerbing, D. W. and J. C. Anderson 1988 ‹An Updated Paradigm for Scale Development Incorporating Unidimensionality and Its Assessment,’ Journal of Marketing Research 25(May) 186-92.
Grisaffe, D. B. and F. Jaramillo: 2007, ‹Toward Higher Levels of Ethics: Preliminary Evidence of Positive Outcomes,’ Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 27(Fall) 355-71.
Hammann, E.-M., A. Habisch, and H. Pechlaner 2009 ‹Values That Create Value: Socially Responsible Business Practices in SMEs- an Empirical Evidence from German Companies,’ Business Ethics: A European Review 18(January) 37-51.
Hennig-Thurau, T.: 2004, ‹Customer Orientation of Service Employees: Its Impact on Customer Satisfaction, Commitment, and Retention,’ International Journal of Service Industry Management 15(5), 460-78.
Hofstede, Geert: 1997, Culture and Organizations: Software of the Mind, New York: McGraw Hill.
Homburg, C., M. Grozdanovic, and M. Klarmann: 2007, ‹Responsiveness to Customers and Competitors:The Role of Affective and Cognitive Organizational Systems,’ Journal of Marketing 71(July) 18-38.
Homburg, C., J. Wieseke, and W. D. Hoyer: 2009, ‹Social Identity and Service-Profit Chain,’ Journal of Marketing 73(2), 38-54.
Honeycutt, E.D., M. Glassman, M. T. Zugelder, and K. Karande 2001 ‹Determinants of Ethical Behavior: A Study of Autosalespeople,’ Journal of Business Ethics 32(July) 69-79.
Hu, H–H., J. Kandampully, and T. D. Juwaheer: 2009, ‹Relationship and Impacts of Service Quality, Perceived Value, Customer Satisfaction, and Image: An Empirical Study,’ The Services Industry Journal 29(February), 111-25.
Huang, M.-H.: 2008, ‹The Influence of Selling Behaviors on Customer Relationships in Financial Services,’ International Journal of Service Industry Management 19(4), 458-73.
Ingram, T. N., R. W. LaForge, and J. C. H. Schwepker: 2007, ‹Salesperson Ethical Decision Making: The Impact of Sales Leadership and Sales Management Control Strategy,’ Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 27(Fall): 301-15.
Jaramillo, F. and D. B. Grisaffe: 2009, ‹Does Customer Orientation Impact Objective Sales Performance?. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 29(Spring) 167-78.
Jaramillo, F., D. B. Grisaffe, L. B. Chonko, and J. A. Roberts: 2009, ‹Examining the Impact of Servant Leadership on Salesperson’s Turnover Intention,’ Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 29(Fall) 351-365.
Kirca, A. H., S. Jayachandran, and W. O. Bearden: 2005, ‹Market Orientation: A Meta-Analytic Review and Assessment of Its Antecedents and Performance,’ Journal of Marketing 69(April) 24-41.
Kumar, V., R. Venkatesan, and W. Reinartz 2008 ‹Performance Implications of Adopting a Customer-Focused Sales Campaign,’ Journal of Marketing 72(September) 50-68.
Lagace, R. R., R. Dahlstrom, and J. B. Gassenheimer: 1991, ‹The Relevance of Ethical Salesperson Behavior on Relationship Quality: The Pharmaceutical Industry,’ Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 11(fall): 39-47.
Lindell, K. M. and D. J. Whitney: 2001, ‹Accounting for Common Method Variance in Cross-Sectional Research Designs,’ Journal of Applied Psychology 86(1), 114-121.
Liu, A. H., M. P. Leach, and K. L. Bernhardt: 2005, ‹Examining Customer Value Perceptions of Organizational Buyers When Sourcing from Multiple Vendors,’ Journal of Business Research 58(5), 559-68.
Macintosh, G.: 2007, ‹Customer Orientation, Relationship Quality, and Relational Benefits to the Firm,’ Journal of Services Marketing 21(3), 150-57.
Min, S., J. T. Mentzer, and R. T. Ladd: 2007, ‹A Market Orientation in Supply Chain Management,’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 35(December) 507-22.
Mulki, J. P., F. Jaramillo, and W. B. Locander: 2009, ‹Critical Role of Leadership on Ethical Climate and Salesperson Behaviors,’ Journal of Business Ethics 86(May) 125-41.
Palmatier, R. W., R. P. Dant, D. Grewal, and K. R. Evans: 2006, ‹Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Relationship Marketing: A Meta-Analysis,’ Journal of Marketing 70(October) 136-53.
Palmatier, R. W., L. K. Scheer, and J.-B. E. M. Steenkamp: 2007, ‹Customer Loyalty to Whom? Managing the Benefits and Risks of Salesperson-Owned Loyalty,’ Journal of Marketing Research 44(May) 185-99.
Pelsmacker, P. D. and Wim Janssens: 2007, ‹A Model for Fair Trade Buying Behaviour: The Role of Perceived Quantity and Quality of Information and of Product-specific Attitudes,’ Journal of Business Ethics 75(November) 361-80.
Pelton, L. E., J. Chowdhury, and S. J. Vitell: 1999, ‹A Framework for the Examination of Relational Ethics: An Interactionist Perspective’, Journal of Business Ethics 19(April) 241-53.
Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. Mackenzie, S. B. Lee, and N. P. Podsakoff: 2003, ‹Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies,’ Journal of Applied Psychology 88(5), 879-903.
Raaij, E. M. v. and J. W. Stoelhorst: 2008, ‹The Implementation of a Market Orientation: A Review and Integration of the Contributions to Date,’ European Journal of Marketing 42 (11/12), 1265-93.
Ramsey, R., G. Marshall, M. Johnston, and D. Deeter-Schmelz: 2007, ‹Ethical Ideologies and Older Consumer Perceptions of Unethical Sales Tactics,’ Journal of Business Ethics 70: 191-207.
Rogers, R. W.: 1995, ‹The Psychological Contract of Trust - Part I,’ Executive Development 8, 15-19.
Román, S. and J. L. Munuera: 2005, ‹Determinants and Consequences of Ethical Behaviour: An Empirical Study of Salespeople,’ European Journal of Marketing 39(5/6), 473-95.
Roman, S. and S. Ruiz: 2005, ‹Relationship Outcomes of Perceived Ethical Sales Behavior: The Customer’s Perspective,’ Journal of Business Research 58: 439-45.
Saxe, R. and B. A. Weitz: 1982, ‹The Soco Scale: A Measure of the Customer Orientation of Salespeople,’ Journal of Marketing Research 19: 343-51.
Spector, P. E.: 2006, ‹Method Variance in Organizational Research: Truth or Urban Legend?’. Organizational Research Methods 9(2): 221-232.
Tajfel, H. Ed.: 1982, Social Identity in Intergroup Relations. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Trawick, I. F., J. E. Swan, and D. Rink 1989 ‹Industrial Buyer Evaluation of the Ethics of Salesperson Gift Giving; Value of the Gift and Customer vs. Prospect Status,’ Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 9(summer): 31-37.
Valentine, S. and T. Barnett: 2007, ‹Perceived Organizational Ethics and the Ethical Decisions of Sales and Marketing Personnel,’ Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 27(1): 373-88.
Valenzuela, L. and E. Torres: 2008, ‹Gestión Empresarial Orientada al Valor del Cliente como Fuente de Ventaja Competitiva,’ Estudios Gerenciales 24(October/December), 65–86.
Voss, Z. G. and V. Cova: 2006, ‹How Sex Differences in Perceptions Influence Customer Satisfaction: A Study of Theatre Audiences,’ Marketing Theory 6(2), 201-21.
Weeks, W. A., T. W. Loe, L. B. Chonko, and K. Wakefield 2004 ‹The Effect of Perceived Ethical Climate on the Search for Sales Force Excellence’. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management 24(summer): 199-214.
Weitz, B. A. and K. D. Bradford: 1999, ‹Personal Selling and Sales Management: A Relationship Marketing Perspective,’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 27(2), 241-54.
Zeithaml, V 1988 ‹Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality and Value: a Means end Model and Synthesis of Evidence’, Journal of Marketing 52(July) 2-22.
Zeithaml, V. A., L. L. Berry, and A. Parasuraman: 1993, ‹The Nature and Determinants of Customer Expectations of Service,’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 21(1), 1-12.
Zhuang, G. and Tsang, A.S.L.: 2008, ‹A Study on Ethically Problematic Selling Methods in China with a Broaden Concept of Gray-Marketing,’ Journal of Business Ethics 79(1-2), 85-101.
Acknowledgments
This research was sponsored by the Universidad del Bio-Bio, Chile (Project 095816 2/R).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Valenzuela, L.M., Mulki, J.P. & Jaramillo, J.F. Impact of Customer Orientation, Inducements and Ethics on Loyalty to the Firm: Customers’ Perspective. J Bus Ethics 93, 277–291 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0220-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0220-z