Abstract
Subjective sleep quality is an individual’s subjective sleep feeling, and its effective evaluation is the premise of improving sleep quality. However, people with autism or mental disorders often experience difficulties in verbally expressing their subjective sleep quality. To solve the above problem, this study provides a non-verbal and convenient brain feature to assess subjective sleep quality. Reportedly, microstates are often used to characterize the patterns of functional brain activity in humans. The occurrence frequency of microstate class D is an important feature in the insomnia population. We therefore hypothesize that the occurrence frequency of microstate class D is a physiological indicator of subjective sleep quality. To test this hypothesis, we recruited college students from China as participants [N = 61, mean age = 20.84 years]. The Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale was used to measure subjective sleep quality and habitual sleep efficiency, and the state characteristics of the brain at this time were assessed using closed eyes resting-state brain microstate class D. The occurrence frequency of EEG microstate class D was positively associated with subjective sleep quality (r = 0.32, p < 0.05). Further analysis of the moderating effect showed that the occurrence frequency of microstate class D was significantly and positively correlated with subjective sleep quality in the high habitual sleep efficiency group. However, the relationship was not significant in the low sleep efficiency group (βsimple = 0.63, p < 0.001). This study shows that the occurrence frequency of microstate class D is a physiological indicator of assessing subjective sleep quality levels in the high sleep efficiency group. This study provides brain features for assessing subjective sleep quality of people with autism and mental disorders who cannot effectively describe their subjective feelings.
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Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank all students who participated in this research.
Funding
This research was funded by the Youth Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences Research of Ministry of Education (21YJC190004). The study does not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of the funding source. The funder played no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
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Conceptualization, X.D., Y.T., and F.C.; methodology, X.D.; validation, Y.T.; formal analysis, F.C.; investigation, X.D. and Y.T.; resources, Y.T.; data curation, F.C.; writing—original draft preparation, X.D., F.C., and M.L.; writing—review and editing, X.D., Y.T. and Z.Y.; supervision, Y.T.; project administration, Y.T.; funding acquisition, X.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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This study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocols for experiments involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Liaoning Normal University ethics committee (protocol approval number LL2021044).
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Communicated by Lucie Bréchet.
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Ding, X., Cao, F., Li, M. et al. Electroencephalography Microstate Class D is a Brain Marker of Subjective Sleep Quality for College Students with High Habitual Sleep Efficiency. Brain Topogr 37, 370–376 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-023-00978-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-023-00978-5