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Partitioning Eddy-Covariance Methane Fluxes from a Shallow Lake into Diffusive and Ebullitive Fluxes

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Abstract

Methane (\(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\)) is known to be emitted from lakes to the atmosphere via processes such as diffusion and ebullition (i.e., bubble emission). We developed a practical method for partitioning eddy-covariance \(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\) fluxes from a shallow lake into diffusive and ebullitive fluxes using a wavelet analysis based on local scalar similarity between the \(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\) concentration and other reference scalars, such as the air temperature or water vapour concentration, in the wavelet time-scale domain, with the hypothesis that similar and dissimilar fluctuation components are related to diffusive and ebullitive \(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\) fluxes, respectively. Our method is applied to approximately two weeks of data obtained at a shallow mid-latitude lake. The partitioned diffusive flux has a physically sound relationship with wind speed, supporting the validity of the method. The ratio of the diffusive flux to the total flux is typically 0.11 with flow from an area of steady bubble emission, but otherwise 0.36. Further validation is required using a larger dataset and data from other lakes. The proposed method can be easily applied to historical data because it requires only 10-Hz data of \(\mathrm {CH}_{4}\) concentration and other reference scalars, along with an empirical parameter.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Mr. Hiroshi Moriyama for allowing us to use the pier for observations. Constructive comments from Prof. T. Foken and two anonymous reviewers helped to improve this manuscript. Dr. C. Schaller kindly provided his program code to calculate the short-term fluxes. This study was funded by a grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (no. 17H05039). The program code to perform the flux partitioning developed here is available from the author upon request (Hiroki Iwata, hiwata@shinshu-u.ac.jp).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan

    Hiroki Iwata

  2. Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan

    Ryuichi Hirata & Yoshiyuki Takahashi

  3. Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Suwa, Japan

    Yuichi Miyabara

  4. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Masayuki Itoh

  5. Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan

    Kotaro Iizuka

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  1. Hiroki Iwata
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Correspondence to Hiroki Iwata.

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Iwata, H., Hirata, R., Takahashi, Y. et al. Partitioning Eddy-Covariance Methane Fluxes from a Shallow Lake into Diffusive and Ebullitive Fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 169, 413–428 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-018-0383-1

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