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Transfer Coefficients of Momentum, Heat and Water Vapour in the Atmospheric Surface Layer of a Large Freshwater Lake

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Abstract

In studies of lake–atmosphere interactions, the fluxes of momentum, water vapour and sensible heat are often parametrized as being proportional to the differences in wind, humidity and air temperature between the water surface and a reference height above the surface. Here, the proportionality via transfer coefficients in these relationships was investigated with the eddy-covariance method at three sites within an eddy-covariance mesonet across Lake Taihu, China. The results indicate that the transfer coefficients decreased with increasing wind speed for weak winds and approached constant values for strong winds. The presence of submerged macrophytes reduced the momentum transfer (drag) coefficient significantly. At the two sites free of submerged macrophytes, the 10-m drag coefficients under neutral stability were 1.8 \((\pm \,0.4) \times \,10^{-3}\) and \(1.7\,(\pm \,0.3) \times \,10^{-3 }\) at the wind speed of \(9\,\text{ m } \text{ s }^{-1}\), which are 38 and 34 % greater than the prediction by the Garratt model for the marine environment.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (grant BK2011830), the Ministry of Education of China (grant PCSIRT), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (grant PAPD) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 41275024). We thank three reviewers whose constructive comments have improved this paper.

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  1. Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China

    Wei Xiao, Shoudong Liu, Wei Wang, Dong Yang, Jiaping Xu, Chang Cao, Hanchao Li & Xuhui Lee

  2. School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA

    Xuhui Lee

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  1. Wei Xiao
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  2. Shoudong Liu
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Correspondence to Wei Xiao or Xuhui Lee.

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Xiao, W., Liu, S., Wang, W. et al. Transfer Coefficients of Momentum, Heat and Water Vapour in the Atmospheric Surface Layer of a Large Freshwater Lake. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 148, 479–494 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9827-9

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