Abstract
Factors controlling the magnitudes of, and short-term variations in, the potential temperatures of the snow surface and the air at the height of 2 m θS and θ2 m over Arctic sea ice in winter are analysed. The study addresses the winters of 1986–1987 and 1987–1988, and is based on the temperature, wind, and cloud observations made by Russian drifting ice stations. It also relies on the ERA40 re-analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, which were utilised to calculate the lateral heat advection at the sites of the ice stations. The cloud cover and wind speed were more important than the heat advection in controlling the magnitudes of θ2 m and θS, while on a time scale of 24 h, during steady forcing conditions, the heat advection was the most important factor affecting the changes in θS and θ2 m. During changing conditions, and considering individual factors separately, the monthly mean 24-h temperature changes were less than ± 5 °C: the effect of the cloud cover was the largest, and that of the heat advection was the smallest. When simultaneous changes in the three factors were analysed, the seasonal mean temperature changes were even of the order of ±15 °C, with the strongest warming events exceeding 35 K in a single day. The difference θS − θ2 m reached its lowest seasonal mean values during conditions of clear skies (−1.3 °C), light winds (−1.3 °C) and warm-air advection (−0.8 °C). θS and θ2 m followed each other closely, even during major synoptic-scale temperature variations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arctic Climatology Project: (2000), ‘Environmental Working Group Arctic Meteorology and Climate Atlas’, in F. Fetterer and V. Radionov (eds), National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, CD-ROM
J.A. Curry F.G. Meyer L.F. Radke C.A. Brock E.E. Ebert (1990) ArticleTitle‘Occurrence and Characteristics of Lower Tropospheric Ice Crystals in the Arctic’ Int. J. Climate 10 749–764
J.R. Garratt R.A. Brost (1981) ArticleTitle‘Radiative Cooling Effects Within and Above the Nocturnal Boundary Layer’ J. Atmos. Sci. 38 2730–2746 Occurrence Handle10.1175/1520-0469(1981)038<2730:RCEWAA>2.0.CO;2
C.J. Hahn S.G. Warren J. London (1995) ArticleTitle‘The Effect of Moonlight on Observation of Cloud Cover at Night and Application to Cloud Climatology’ J. Climate 8 1429–1446 Occurrence Handle10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1429:TEOMOO>2.0.CO;2
J. Intrieri C.W. Fairall M.D. Shupe P.O.G. Persson E.L. Andreas P.S. Guest R.E. Moritz (2002) ArticleTitle‘Annual Cycle of Arctic Surface Cloud Forcing at SHEBA’ J. Geophys. Res. 107 8039 Occurrence Handle10.1029/2000JC000439
R.E. Jordan E.L. Andreas A.P. Makshtas (1999) ArticleTitle‘Heat Budget of Snow-Covered Sea Ice at North Pole 4’ J. Geophys. Res. 104 7785–7806 Occurrence Handle10.1029/1999JC900011
Kahl, J.: (1998), Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, digital media.
J.E. Overland P.S. Guest (1991) ArticleTitle‘The Arctic Snow and Air Temperature Budget Over Sea Ice During Winter J. Geophys. Res. 96 4651–4662
J.E. Overland P. Turet (1994) ‘Variability of the Atmospheric Energy Flux Across 70 °N Computed from the GFDL Data Set’ O.M. Johannessen R. Muench J.E. Overland (Eds) The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment Geophys Monogr Ser NumberInSeriesVol. 85 AGU Washington DC 313–325
P.O.G. Persson C. Fairall E.L. Andreas P.S. Guest D.K. Perovich (2002) ArticleTitle‘Measurements Near the Atmospheric Surface Flux Group Tower at SHEBA: Near-surface Conditions and Surface Energy Budget’ J. Geophys. Res. 107 9045 Occurrence Handle10.1029/2000JC000705
J.A. Pinto A. Alam J.A. Maslanik J.A. Curry R.S. Stone (2003) ArticleTitle‘Surface Characteristics and Atmospheric Footprint of Springtime Arctic Leads at SHEBA’ J. Geophys. Res. 108 8051 Occurrence Handle10.1029/2000JC000473
R. Pirazzini T. Vihma J. Launiainen P. Tisler (2002) ArticleTitle‘Validation of HIRLAM Boundary-layer Structures over the Baltic Sea’ Bor. Env. Res. 7 211–218
D. Ruffieux P.O.G. Persson C.W. Fairall D.E. Wolfe (1995) ArticleTitle‘Ice Pack and Lead Surface Energy Budgets During LEADEX 1992’ J. Geophys. Res. 100 4593–4612 Occurrence Handle10.1029/94JC02485
M.C. Serreze R.G. Barry (1988) ArticleTitle‘Synoptic Activity in the Arctic Basin, 1979–85’ J. Climate. 1 1276–1295 Occurrence Handle10.1175/1520-0442(1988)001<1276:SAITAB>2.0.CO;2
M.C. Serreze J.D. Kahl R.C. Schnell (1992) ArticleTitle‘Low-level Temperature Inversions of the Eurasian Arctic and Comparisons with Soviet Drifting Station Data’ J. Climate 5 599–613 Occurrence Handle10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0615:LLTIOT>2.0.CO;2
M.C. Serreze J.E. Box R.G. Barry J.E. Walsh (1993) ArticleTitle‘Characteristics of Arctic Synoptic Activity, 1952–1989’ Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 51 147–164 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01030491
R.S. Stone (1997) ArticleTitle‘Variations in Western Arctic Temperatures in Response to Cloud Radiative and Synoptic-scale Influences’ J. Geophys. Res. 102 21769–21776 Occurrence Handle10.1029/97JD01840
Vihma, T., Lüpkes, C., Hartmann, J., and Savijärvi, H.: (2005), ‘Observations and Modeling of Cold-air Advection Over Arctic Sea Ice in Winter’, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 2005, in press
P. Wadhams R.J. Horne (1981) ArticleTitle‘An Analysis of Ice Profiles Obtained by Submarine Sonar in the Beaufort Sea’ J. Glaciol. 25 401–424
E. Walsh J. W.L. Chapman (1998) ArticleTitle‘Arctic Cloud–Radiation–Temperature Associations in Observational Data and Atmospheric Re-analyses’ J. Climate 11 3030–3045 Occurrence Handle10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3030:ACRTAI>2.0.CO;2
S. Wang Q. Wang R.E. Jordan P.O.G. Persson (2001) ArticleTitle‘Interactions Among Longwave Radiation of Clouds, Turbulence, and Snow Surface Temperature in the Arctic: A Model Sensitivity Study’ J. Geophys. Res. 106 15323–15333 Occurrence Handle10.1029/2000JD900358
X. Zhang J.E. Walsh J. Zhang U. Bhatt M. Ikeda (2004) ArticleTitle‘Climatology and Interannual Variability of Arctic Cyclone Activity: 1948–2002’ J. Climate. 17 2300–2317 Occurrence Handle10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2300:CAIVOA>2.0.CO;2
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vihma, T., Pirazzini, R. On the Factors Controlling the Snow Surface and 2-m Air Temperatures Over the Arctic Sea Ice in Winter. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 117, 73–90 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-5938-7
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-5938-7