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Chloroplast-specific universal primers and their uses in plant studies

  • Review
  • Published:
Biologia Plantarum

Abstract

Universal (consensus) primers are those primers that have the ability to amplify the targeted region of DNA across a broad range of individuals in a certain group of organisms. In plants, such universal primers have been designed to target regions in the nuclear, mitochondrial or chloroplast genome. Among these three genomes, the chloroplast genome is the most suited for the design of consensus primers due to the lower rate of evolution and hence conservation of gene order and sequence of the genome among the different plant species compared to the other two genomes. Several molecular studies in plants have developed and used chloroplast-specific universal primers. In this review, I present some examples of the nuclear DNA-specific universal primers and discuss the features of the chloroplast DNA that make it the most suited for the design of such primers. I then refer to all chloroplast-specific primers developed so far and provide some examples of molecular studies and applications that made use of them.

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Abbreviations

cp:

chloroplast

ETS:

external transcribed spacer

GM:

genetically modified

IGS:

intergenic spacer

ITS:

internal transcribed sequence

NTS:

nontranscribed spacer

SSR:

simple sequence repeats or microsatellites

STS:

sequence-tagged site

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Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Prof. Ibrahim Othman, the Director General of Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, for his support. I would also like to thank Prof. Mike J. Wilkinson, Director General of University of Aberystwyth, UK, for his endless advice.

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    N. Haider

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Haider, N. Chloroplast-specific universal primers and their uses in plant studies. Biol Plant 55, 225–236 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-011-0033-7

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