Abstract
Mangrove forests are threatened by the continuous discharge of inorganic pollutants and studies show that coasts receive high levels of heavy metals, from which lead (Pb) is one of the most persistent and toxic. In the present study, lead accumulation capacity, as well as its toxicological effects and tolerance mechanisms, such as proline accumulation and increased antioxidant capacity were evaluated in two contrasting mangrove species: Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racemosa. Six-month-old plants were exposed to different concentrations of lead nitrate (0, 75, 150, and 300 µM) and samples of roots and leaves were taken from all treatments at different times during a 30d exposure period. Both species accumulated Pb in their tissues mainly in the roots, but L. racemosa had a greater capacity to accumulate Pb than A. germinans. Nevertheless, lead exposure caused less leaf chlorosis, lower reduction in the efficiency of photosystem II, lower reduction of daily photosynthetic rates, and lower electrolyte leakage in L. racemosa than in A. germinans. In line with those results, L. racemosa, in response to Pb exposure, accumulated more proline and showed higher antioxidant capacity than A. germinans, in both roots and leaves. Altogether, L. racemosa might be more suitable for restoration purposes, as it is not only capable of accumulating more Pb in its tissues but also shows greater tolerance to the stress caused by lead.
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Acknowledgements
Authors wish to thank R. Us-Santamaría and J. L. Simá-Gómez for help at the nursery and in the laboratory, F. Contreras-Martin for nursery advice and J. Gonzalez-Xool for technical support.
Funding
This work was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Conacyt) México (Grant No. CB221208-Z) to J. M. Santamaría. M. R. Cabañas-Mendoza received a CONACYT Ph. D. fellowship (Grant No. 419215).
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MC: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Data analysis, Writing—original draft. JLA: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing - original draft. ES: Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. LH: Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. GF: Writing-review and editing both figures and manuscript. JS: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Supervision, Writing—final manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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10534_2023_488_MOESM2_ESM.tif
Correlation between proline content and antioxidant capacity in roots (A, C) and leaves (B, D) of A. germinans (A and B) and L. racemosa (C and D) plants, during 30 days of exposure, p <0.05. Supplementary file2 (TIF 103 KB)
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Cabañas–Mendoza, M.d.R., Andrade, J.L., Sauri-Duch, E. et al. Lead tolerance of Laguncularia racemosa is associated to high proline accumulation and high antioxidant capacities. Biometals 36, 887–902 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-023-00488-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-023-00488-8