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The southwestern South Atlantic continental shelf biogeochemical divide

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Abstract

The structure of the phytoplankton community is strongly influenced by environmental variables linked with variations in sea–air CO2 net fluxes (FCO2). However, compared to physical parameters, the relationship between phytoplankton and CO2 dynamics has been largely unexplored. The complex interplay between CO2 uptake by the coastal ocean and the dominance of different phytoplankton groups was investigated in the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean (20°S–50°S), mostly during spring. We addressed this challenge by synoptically characterizing the study region for both FCO2 and phytoplankton pigment composition. Thus, we discern the phytoplankton biomass in different groups by pigment composition information obtained through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with further determination of phytoplankton groups using the CHEMTAX approach. The effects of biology and temperature on sea surface CO2 partial pressure were evaluated, and phytoplankton groups were linked to CO2 exchanges. The results highlight the importance of biology on the modulation of FCO2 in the study region. Hence, we delimited the southwestern South Atlantic continental shelf into two distinct biogeochemical regions divided by a transitional zone (~ 35°S) according to the distribution patterns of both phytoplankton and CO2 behavior. North of 35°S, higher sea surface temperature and salinity, combined with lower phytoplankton biomass, were associated with a domination of generally very small cyanobacteria and CO2-outgassing behavior. In the transitional zone (35°S–40°S), changes in both salinity and temperature promoted a shift in dominant phytoplankton groups and, consequently, changed the ocean surface behavior from a CO2-outgassing zone to an ingassing zone. Farther south, between 40°S and 50°S, the higher phytoplankton biomass produced by diatoms, associated with lower values of both sea surface temperature and salinity, was positively related to stronger CO2-uptake rates. This link between the shifts in phytoplankton community structure and CO2-uptake rates is a potential target to shed light on long-term CO2-flux modulation in the southwestern South Atlantic Ocean. Thus, the main findings here can be relevant for predicting the potential consequences of future climate-driven changes in ocean CO2 uptake, especially considering the warming ocean conditions associated with a shift toward smaller phytoplankton cells.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This study is part of the activities of the Brazilian High Latitude Oceanography Group (GOAL; www.goal.furg.br), the Brazilian Ocean Acidification Network (BrOA; www.broa.furg.br), and the CARBON Team (www.carbonteam.furg.br). The cruises in this study were sponsored by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq Grant Nos. 558267/2009-2, 445506/2014-8, and 443258/2019-8), the Foundation of Research Support to the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS Grant Nos. 2075–2551/13−7 and 19/2551-0001734-0), and the Brazilian Federal Agency for Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES Grant No. 23038.001421/2014–30), with logistics supported by the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MCTI); Brazilian Secretariat of the Interministerial Commission for the Sea Resources (SECIRM); Brazilian Antarctic Program (PROANTAR); and Brazilian Navy. A.C.O.C. acknowledges the CAPES PhD Grant No. 88887.569121/2020-00. R.K. and C.R.B.M acknowledge the CNPq researcher Grant Nos. 304937/2018-5 and 306899/2018-3, respectively. We thank CAPES for providing the resources to the Graduate Program of Oceanology and the project CAPES Print from FURG. We thank all researchers and students who were involved in the cruises for their contribution to cruise sampling and analysis. We also wish to acknowledge the invaluable support of different cruise crews for their logistical assistance and two anonymous reviewers, who helped improve the manuscript substantially.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil

    Andréa da Consolação de Oliveira Carvalho, Rodrigo Kerr, Virginia Maria Tavano & Carlos Rafael B. Mendes

  2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanologia, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil

    Andréa da Consolação de Oliveira Carvalho & Rodrigo Kerr

  3. Laboratório de Fitoplâncton e Microorganismos Marinhos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, Av. Itália km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil

    Virginia Maria Tavano & Carlos Rafael B. Mendes

  4. CEOCEAN, Instituto de Oceanografia – FURG, Avenida Itália km 8 s/n°, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203–900, Brazil

    Andréa da Consolação de Oliveira Carvalho

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  1. Andréa da Consolação de Oliveira Carvalho
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  3. Virginia Maria Tavano
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  4. Carlos Rafael B. Mendes
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Correspondence to Andréa da Consolação de Oliveira Carvalho.

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de Oliveira Carvalho, A., Kerr, R., Tavano, V.M. et al. The southwestern South Atlantic continental shelf biogeochemical divide. Biogeochemistry 159, 139–158 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-022-00918-8

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