Abstract
Fe biogeochemistry is associated with important ecosystem services provided by mangrove forests, including carbon sequestration and the retention of potentially toxic elements. The biogeochemical processes controlling Fe fate in mangroves are naturally affected by the soil geochemical environment, which controls Fe dynamics. However, ongoing climate changes and the associated extreme weather events may drastically affect the biogeochemistry of this important micronutrient for both terrestrial and oceanic environments. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate how massive mangrove mortality after an extreme weather event altered the Fe dynamics in mangrove soils. The results show a significant decrease in soil carbon stock in the dead mangrove forests (25 kg m−2), as compared with the undisturbed forests (37 kg m−2). In addition, we observed a substantial Fe loss (greater than 50% of soil Fe forms, i.e., 17,000 mg kg−1) in the dead mangrove soils, which was associated with pyrite (9000 mg kg−1) and low crystallinity Fe oxyhydroxides (2400 mg kg−1). These impacts led to a decrease in the pyritization in soils, which resulted in a loss of 170 tons of Fe from 500 ha of dead mangrove forests within one year. Thus, the pyritization process may critically compromise a mangrove forests' ability to immobilize pollutants (e.g., metals) and sequester carbon in the long term, thereby altering their ability to provide these ecosystem services. Overall, our results revealed that the Fe biogeochemical cycle of mangrove forests is very sensitive to future climate change scenarios and increased extreme weather events.
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Data supporting the findings of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
This work was funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior CAPES (Finance Code 001 and V. Asensio thanks grants n. 88887.136289/2017-00 CNPq-CAPES-PELD, subproject 441243/2016-9) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico CNPq (Grant Numbers 301161/2017-8, 305996/2018-5, and 430010/2018-4 to AFB and TOF, respectively). We are also grateful for the financial support provided by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP; Grant Numbers 2018/04259-2, 2019/02855-0, 2019/14800-5, and 2019/19987-6 to HMQ, DB, ADF, and TOF, respectively) and The Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (GNN, Grant E-26/202.757/2019). This is the PELD-HCES contribution #016.
Funding
Funding were provided by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001, 88887.136289/2017-00, 441243/2016-9), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (301161/2017-8, 305996/2018-5 and 430010/2018-4), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2018/04259-2, 2019/02855-0, 2019/14800-5, 2019/19987-6) and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (E-26/202.757/2019)
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HMQ: wrote the original and review articles, acquisition of financial support, conceptualization of ideas, validation, formal analysis, and data curation. TOF: acquisition of financial support, conceptualization of ideas and formulation, and evolution of research goals. Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, and instrumentation, writing and critical reviews, and supervision and project administration. VA: conceptualization, writing, reviewing, and editing, critical review data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, validation, formal analysis, and resources. IOBFB: writing, reviewing, and editing, data curation, and formal analysis. DB: writing, reviewing, and editing, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, and validation. GNN: conceptualization, writing, reviewing, and editing, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, and validation. ADF: writing, reviewing, and editing, field work, data curation, and formal analysis. LEOG: writing, reviewing, and editing data curation, formal analysis, fieldwork, and resources. AFB: Acquisition of financial support and conceptualization of ideas. Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, and instrumentation, and writing and critical reviews.
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Queiroz, H.M., Ferreira, T.O., Fandiño, V.A. et al. Changes in soil iron biogeochemistry in response to mangrove dieback. Biogeochemistry 158, 357–372 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-022-00903-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-022-00903-1