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Topographic controls on black carbon accumulation in Alaskan black spruce forest soils: implications for organic matter dynamics

Biogeochemistry volume 100, pages 39–56 (2010)Cite this article

Abstract

There is still much uncertainty as to how wildfire affects the accumulation of burn residues (such as black carbon (BC)) in the soil, and the corresponding changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) composition in boreal forests. We investigated SOC and BC composition in black spruce forests on different landscape positions in Alaska, USA. Mean BC stocks in surface mineral soils (0.34 ± 0.09 kg C m−2) were higher than in organic soils (0.17 ± 0.07 kg C m−2), as determined at four sites by three different 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-based techniques. Aromatic carbon, protein, BC, and the alkyl:O-alkyl carbon ratio were higher in mineral soil than in organic soil horizons. There was no trend between mineral soil BC stocks and fire frequencies estimated from lake sediment records at four sites, and soil BC was relatively modern (<54–400 years, based on mean Δ14C ranging from 95.1 to −54.7‰). A more extensive analysis (90 soil profiles) of mineral soil BC revealed that interactions among landscape position, organic layer depth, and bulk density explained most of the variance in soil BC across sites, with less soil BC occurring in relatively cold forests with deeper organic layers. We suggest that shallower organic layer depths and higher bulk densities found in warmer boreal forests are more favorable for BC production in wildfire, and more BC is integrated with mineral soil than organic horizons. Soil BC content likely reflected more recent burning conditions influenced by topography, and implications of this for SOC composition (e.g., aromaticity and protein content) are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Jennifer Harden for ideas and enthusiasm in the early stages of this project. We thank Andy Krumhardt, Jason Lynch, and Mary Edwards for help in obtaining sediment core data, Jim Herriges (Bureau of Land Management, AK) for help in getting to Oops Lake and for the use of a chainsaw there, and Tim Quintal and Lola Oliver for help with black carbon determination, and Jan Skjemstad for kindly providing BC reference materials. We thank Chris Swanston, Ted Schuur, and Tom Brown for advice interpreting radiocarbon values. Some sites described herein are maintained by the Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research site (funded jointly by NSF grant DEB-0423442 and USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station grant PNW01-JV11261952-231). Hockaday and Masiello acknowledge support from the Rice University and the Keith-Weiss postdoctoral fellowship, and Kane was funded by the Center for Water Sciences at Michigan State University. Jon O’Donnell, Stuart Jones, E. Matzner, and three anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments in review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA

    E. S. Kane

  2. Department of Earth Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA

    W. C. Hockaday & C. A. Masiello

  3. Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada

    M. R. Turetsky

  4. Department of Forest Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA

    D. W. Valentine

  5. Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA

    B. P. Finney

  6. CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia

    J. A. Baldock

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  1. E. S. Kane
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E.S. Kane, W.C. Hockaday contributed equally to this manuscript.

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Kane, E.S., Hockaday, W.C., Turetsky, M.R. et al. Topographic controls on black carbon accumulation in Alaskan black spruce forest soils: implications for organic matter dynamics. Biogeochemistry 100, 39–56 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-009-9403-z

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Keywords

  • Alkyl carbon
  • Aromatic carbon
  • Black carbon
  • Black spruce
  • Boreal forest
  • Carbon balance
  • Charcoal
  • Fire
  • Organic soil
  • Protein
  • Soil

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