Skip to main content

Hotspots of annual fish along the Patos-Mirim Lagoon System and adjacent areas in Southern Brazil, with an evaluation of conservation priority for species and localities

Biodiversity and Conservation volume 31, pages 1945–1967 (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

Rivulidae represents one of the most endangered taxa in Brazil. This family encompasses species known as annual or seasonal fish because they possess unique adaptations that enable their survival in seasonal ponds. Several Brazilian species of annual fish inhabit the Patos-Mirim Lagoon System (PMLS), which is considered a hotspot of these species. However, within this area, no strategic regions have yet been defined for in situ conservation of annual fish. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assist in the delimitation of micro-hotspots of endemism, sympatry and richness of annual fish along the PMLS, while assessing conservation priorities of evolutionary lineages and areas. For this purpose, distribution data were compiled for 42 species or evolutionary lineages that occur along 144 ponds located at the PMLS, which enabled to evaluate patterns of distribution of endemism, sympatry and richness. Moreover, measures of genetic diversity were obtained using sequences from one mitochondrial gene, and phylogenetic positioning was assessed using one mitochondrial and one nuclear marker. These values were considered in the context of the number of populations within and outside conservation units to evaluate conservation priority for 29 of these lineages (Wlineage) and 112 of these ponds (Wpond). Among the evaluated species and lineages, eight were detected as strictly endemic, and 55 of the evaluated ponds showed records of sympatry. The patterns of lineage richness showed a heterogeneous distribution of annual fish along the sampling area, with seven grids presenting records for four or more lineages. Interestingly, these are concentrated in four larger areas, located on the Southeast and on the Southwest margins of the Patos Lagoon and on the Southeast and Center-West Margins of the Mirim Lagoon, which present several ponds whose conservation is urging.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

References

  • Allen GR (2008) Conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for Indo-Pacific coral reef fishes. Aquat Conserv 18:541–556. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa C (2019) Avaliações filogenéticas e taxonômicas no grupo de espécies de peixes anuais Austrolebias adloffi (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Dissertação de Mestrado

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa C, Garcez DK, Volcan MV, Robe LJ (2019) Evidences for genetic differentiation within the highly endemic and endangered annual fish Austrolebias nigrofasciatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). J Fish Biol 96:154–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.14201

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berois N, Arezo MJ, Papa NG, Chalar C (2015) Life cycle, reproduction, and development in annual fishes cellular and molecular aspects. In: Berois N, García G, de Sá RO (eds) Annual fishes: life history strategy, diversity, and evolution. Press Taylor & Francis group, Boca Raton, pp 33–45

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Dirzo R (2017) Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines. PNAS 114:E6089–E6096. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704949114

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Costa WEJM (2002) The annual fish genus Cynopoecilus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): taxonomic revision, with description of four new species. Ichthyol Explor Fres 13:11–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa WJEM (2006) The South American annual killifish genus Austrolebias (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae): phylogenetic relationships, descriptive, morphology and taxonomic revision. Zootaxa 1213:1–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa WJEM (2012) Delimiting priorities while biodiversity is lost: Rio’s seasonal killifishes on the edge of survival. Biodivers Conserv 21:2443–2452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0301-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa WJEM, Amorim PF (2011) A new annual killifish species of the Hypsolebias flavicaudatus complex from the São Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Vertebr Zool 61:99–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa WJEM, Amorim PF, Aranha GN (2014) Species limits and DNA barcodes in Nematolebias, a genus of seasonal killifishes threatened with extinction from the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil, with description of a new species (Teleostei: Rivulidae). Ichthyol Explor Fres 24:225–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa WJEM, Amorim PF, Mattos JLO (2016) A new species of inseminating seasonal killifish of the Cynopoecilus melanotaenia complex from southern Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Biodiver Data J 4:e6888. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e6888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa WJEM, Cheffe MM, Amorim PF (2017) Two new seasonal killifishes of the Austrolebias adloffi group from the Lagoa dos Patos basin, southern Brazil (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae). Vertebr Zool 67:139–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa WJEM, Amorim PF, Mattos JLO (2018) Cryptic species diversity in the Hypsolebias magnificus complex, a clade of endangered seasonal killifishes from the São Francisco River basin, Brazilian Caatinga (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae). Zookeys 777:141–158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.777.25058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dirzo R, Raven PH (2003) Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annu Rev Env Resour 28:137–167. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond AJ, Rambaut A (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol Biol. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-214

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes MO (2019) Avaliação e otimização de potenciais estratégias de conservação ex situ em Austrolebias minuano (Costa & Cheffe, 2001). Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande

  • Fernandes MO, Barbosa C, Garcez DK, Varela Junior AS, Volcan MV, Robe LJ (2021) Phylogeographic analyses and taxonomic inconsistencies of the Neotropical annual fish Austrolebias minuano, Austrolebias charrua and Austrolebias pongondo (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Environ Biol Fish 104:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 3:294–299

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fontana CS, Bencke GA, Reis RE (2003) Livro vermelho da fauna ameaçada de extinção no Rio Grande do Sul. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre

  • Frankham R, Ballou JD, Briscoe DA (2004) A primer of conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fricke R, Eschmeyer WN, Fong JD (2020) Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: GENERA/SPECIES BY FAMILY/SUBFAMILY. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp. Accessed 21 Dec 2020

  • Garcez DK, Barbosa C, Loureiro M, Volcan MV, Loebmann D, Quintela FM, Robe LJ (2018) Phylogeography of the critically endangered neotropical annual fish, Austrolebias wolterstorffi (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae): genetic and morphometric evidence of a new species complex. Environ Biol Fish 101:1503–1515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-018-0795-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcez DK, Fernandes MO, Ozório GR, Volcan MV, Robe LJ (2020) Phylogenetic structure of Neotropical annual fish of the genus Cynopoecilus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), with an assessment of taxonomic implications. J Zool Syst Evol Res 58:1123–1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García G (2006) Multiple simultaneous speciation in killifishes of the Cynolebias adloffi species complex (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae) from phylogeography and chromosome data. J Zool Syst Evol Res 44:75–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00346.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García G, Alvarez-Valin F, Gómez N (2002) Mitochondrial genes: signals and noise in the phylogenetic reconstruction of the annual killifish genus Cynolebias (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). Biol J Linn so 76(1):49–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb01713.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García G, Gutiérrez V, Ríos N, de Sá RO (2015) Comparative phylogeographic patterns in Austrolebias from different South American Basins. In: Berois N, García G, de Sá RO (eds) Annual fishes: Life history strategy, diversity, and evolution, 1st edn. Press Taylor & Francis group, Boca Raton, pp 259–279

    Google Scholar 

  • García G, Gutiérrez V, Ríos N, Serra S, Calviño P, Duarte A, Loureiro M (2019) Contrasting morphology with population genetics approach: An insight to revision of the Neotropical annual fish “Austrolebias robustus” species group based on a taxonomic integrative framework. J Zool Syst Evol Res 57:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hijmans RJ, Guarino L, Bussink C, Mathur P, Cruz M, Barrentes I, Rojas E (2012) DIVA-GIS: A geographic information system for the analysis of species distribution data. https://www.diva-gis.org. Accessed 10 Sept 2019

  • ICMBio (2013) Sumário Executivo do Plano de Ação Nacional de Conservação de Peixes Rivulídeos Ameaçados de Extinção (2013). https://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/faunabrasileira/plano-de-acao-nacional-lista/2833-plano-de-acao-nacional-para-a-conservacao-dos-rivulideos. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

  • ICMBio (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção. ICMBio/MMA, Brasília

  • IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1, 2nd edn. IUCN, Gland

    Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (2016) International Union for Conservation of Nature annual report 2016. https://www.iucn.org/about/programme-work-and-reporting/annual-reports. Accessed 26 Aug 2019

  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33(7):1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lanés LEK, Maltchik L (2010) Discovery of the Critically Endangered annual killifish Austrolebias wolterstorffi (Ahl, 1924) (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in Lagoa do Peixe National Park, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. JoTT 2:1282–1285. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2499.1282-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanés LEK, Gonçalves AC, Volcan MV (2013) Austrolebias arachan Loureiro, Azpelicueta & García 2004 (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: occurrence, length-weight relationships and condition factor. J Appl Ichthyol 29:252–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.02052.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanés LEK, Gonçalves AC, Volcan MV (2014) Discovery of endangered annual killifish Austrolebias cheradophilus (Aplocheiloidei: Rivulidae) in Brazil, with comments on habitat, population structure and conservation status. Neotrop Ichthyol 12:117–124. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey R, Lewin R (1992) The sixth extinction: patterns of life and the future of humankind. Doubleday, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lean C, Maclaurin J (2012) The value of phylogenetic diversity. In: Pellens R, Grandcolas P (eds) Biodiversity conservation and phylogenetic systematics: preserving our evolutionary heritage in an extinction crisis, 14th edn. Springer, Cham, pp 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn TM, Prado PI (2005) How many species are there in brazil? Conserv Biol 19:619–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00680.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Ortí G, Zhang G, Lu G (2007) A practical approach to phylogenomics: The phylogeny of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) as a case study. BMC Evol Biol 7:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-44

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loureiro M, Borthagaray A, Hernández D, Duarte A, Pinelli V, Arim M (2015) Austrolebias in space: scaling from ponds to biogeographical regions. In: Berois N, García G, de Sá RO (eds) Annual fishes: life history strategy, diversity, and evolution. Press Taylor & Francis group, Boca Raton, pp 111–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Loureiro M, de Sá R, Serra SW, Alonso F, Lanés LEK, Volcan MV, Calviño P, Nielsen D, Duarte A, Garcia G (2018) Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998. Neotrop Ichthyol 16:e180007. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20180007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier RA, Robles Gil P, Mittermeier CG (1997) Megadiversity. CEMEX, Monterrey

  • Mittermeier RA, Turner WR, Larsen FW, Brooks TM, Gascon C (2011) Global Biodiversity Conservation: The Critical Role of Hotspots. In: Zachos F, Habel J (ed) Biodiversity Hotspots, Springer, Berlin, pp 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1

  • MMA (2007) Áreas Prioritárias para Conservação, Uso Sustentável e Repartição dos Benefícios da Biodiversidade Brasileira—Bioma Pampa. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília

  • Murphy WJ, Thomerson JE, Collier GE (1999) Phylogeny of the Neotropical Killifish Family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences. Mol Phylogenetics Evol 13:289–301. https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1999.0656

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers N (1990) Mass extinctions: what can the past tell us about the present and future? Palaeogeogr Palaeocl 82:175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(90)90047-G

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nylander JAA (2004) MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.

  • Palumbi S, Martin A, Romano S, McMillan WO, Stice L, Grabowski G (1991) The simple fool’s guide to PCR. University of Hawaii, Honolulu

    Google Scholar 

  • Prates APL, Irving MA (2015) Conservação da Biodiversidade e Políticas Públicas para as áreas protegidas no Brasil: desafios e tendências da origem da CDB às Metas de AICHI. RBPP 5:28–57. https://doi.org/10.5102/rbpp.v5i1.3014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rambaut A, Drummond AJ (2009) FigTree, v1.4.3. https://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/. Accessed 20 Jan 2020

  • Rambaut A, Drummond AJ, Xie D, Baele G, Suchard MA (2018) Tracer v1.7. https://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/. Accessed 20 Jan 2020

  • Ridley M (2006) Evolução. Artmed, Porto Alegre

  • Román-Palacios C, Wiens JJ (2020) Recent responses to climate change reveal the drivers of species extinction and survival. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 117(8):4211–4217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook J, Fritschi EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • SEMA, Secretaria Estadual de Meio Ambiente (2014) Reavaliação da Lista das Espécies da Fauna Silvestre Ameaçadas de Extinção no Rio Grande do Sul. https://www.liv.fzb.rs.gov.br/livcpl/?idmodulo=1andid_uf=23. Accessed 23 Sept 2019

  • Suchard MA, Lemey P, Baele G, Ayres DL, Drummond AJ, Rambaut A (2018) Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic data integration using BEAST 1.10. Virus Evol 4: vey016. https://doi.org/10.1093/ve/vey016

  • Tomazelli LJ, Villwock JA (2005) Mapeamento Geológico de Planícies Costeiras: o Exemplo da Costa do Rio Grande do Sul. GRAVEL 3:109–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Vane-Wright RI, Humphries CJ, Williams PH (1991) What to protect? Systematics and the agony of choice. Biol Conserv 55:235–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villwock JA, Tomazelli LJ (2007) Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul: gênese e paisagem atual. In: Becker FG, Ramos RA, Moura LA (ed) Biodiversidade. Regiões da Lagoa do Casamento e dos Butiazais de Tapes, planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul. MMA / SBF, Brasília, pp 20–33

  • Volcan MV, Lanés LEK (2018) Brazilian killifishes risk extinction. Science 361:340–341. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5930

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volcan MV, Lanés LEK, Gonçalves AC (2009) Threatened fishes of the world: Austrolebias nigrofasciatus Costa and Cheffe, 2001 (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae). Environ Biol Fish 86:443–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-009-9544-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volcan MV, Lanés LEK, Cheffe MM (2010a) Distribuição e conservação de peixes anuais (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) no município do Chuí, Brasil. Biotemas (UFSC) 23:51–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volcan MV, Gonçalves AC, Lanés LEK (2010b) Distribution, habitat and conservation status of two threatened annual fishes (Rivulidae) from southern Brazil. Endanger Species Res 13:79–85. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volcan MV, Lanés LEK, Gonçalves AC, Cheffe MM (2010c) First record of annual killifish Austrolebias melanoorus (Amato, 1986) (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) from Brazil, with data on habitat and conservation. J Appl Ichthyol 27:1120–1122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01626.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volcan MV, Fonseca AP, Robaldo RB (2011) Reproduction of the threatened Annual Killifish Austrolebias nigrofasciatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae), confined in a natural environment. JoTT 3:1864–1867. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2575.1864-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volcan MV, Gonçalves AC, Lanés LEK (2014) Austrolebias quirogai (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in Brazil: occurrence, population parameters, habitat characteristics, and conservation status. Acta Ichthyol Piscat 44:37–44. https://doi.org/10.3750/aip2014.44.1.05

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volcan MV, Lanés LEK, Gonçalves AC, Guadagnin DL (2015) Annual fishes (Rivulidae) from Southern Brazil: A broad-scale assessment of their diversity and conservation. In: Berois N, García G, de Sá RO (ed) Annual Fishes: Life History Strategy, Diversity, and Evolution, Press Taylor & Francis group, Boca Raton, pp 185–203

  • Volcan MV, Barbosa C, Robe LJ, Lanés LEK (2021) Molecular phylogeny of the Austrolebias adloffi group (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae), with description of two new endangered and highly endemic species of annual killifishes from the Laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 4965:87–113. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4965.1.4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf C (1999) PCR-RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA: a reliable method for species identification. J Agric Food Chem 47:1350–1355. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9808426

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Luiz Malabarba and UFRGS who kindly provided tissues from C. notabilis, C. melanotaenia, Cynopoecilus sp., and Cynopoecilus sp. 2. This study was funded by the Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza as part of the project entitled “Micro and macroevolutionary patterns in Cynopoecilus and Austrolebias (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) fishes along the Patos-Mirim Drainage System: a comparative approach with applications for conservation—Project 1090_20171″. We are also grateful to the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES), which provided scholarships to Crislaine Barbosa, Daiana Kaster Garcez and Murilo de Oliveira Fernandes (Financial Code 001) and to CNPq, which provide research fellow for Lizandra Jaqueline Robe (# 308371/2018-6; 314206/2021-3).

Funding

This study was funded by Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza as part of the project entitled “Micro and macroevolutionary patterns in Cynopoecilus and Austrolebias (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) fishes along the Patos-Mirim Drainage System: a comparative approach with applications for conservation—Project 1090_20171”. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Financial Code 001 provided scholarships to C.B., D.K.G and M.O.F. L.J.R. is research fellow of CNPq–PQ (# 308371/2018-6; 314206/2021-3).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Daiana Kaster Garcez, Crislaine Barbosa, Murilo de Oliveira Fernandes & Lizandra Jaqueline Robe

  2. Laboratório de Ictiologia, Instituto Pró-Pampa, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Matheus Vieira Volcan

  3. Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução (DEE), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas (CCNE), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Lizandra Jaqueline Robe

Authors
  1. Daiana Kaster Garcez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Crislaine Barbosa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Murilo de Oliveira Fernandes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Matheus Vieira Volcan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lizandra Jaqueline Robe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daiana Kaster Garcez.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All collections referred in this study were authorized by the Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA), at the Biodiversity Authorization and Information System (SISBIO) (Process Number 55651-3). This study was also approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (process number 23116.008163/2015-23).

Additional information

Communicated by Rajeev Raghavan.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article belongs to the Topical Collection: Coastal and marine biodiversity.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Garcez, D.K., Barbosa, C., de Oliveira Fernandes, M. et al. Hotspots of annual fish along the Patos-Mirim Lagoon System and adjacent areas in Southern Brazil, with an evaluation of conservation priority for species and localities. Biodivers Conserv 31, 1945–1967 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02441-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02441-6

Keywords

  • Austrolebias
  • Biodiversity
  • Cynopoecilus
  • Endemism
  • Sympatry