Abstract
Calcareous grasslands, valued for their high species richness and diversity, are a European nature conservation priority. Their plagioclimax nature means that appropriate management is vitally important for their survival. This is usually aimed at conserving characteristic vascular plants, with less charismatic groups typically overlooked when implementing management. Consequently, evidence of impacts of contrasting management practices on a range of taxonomic groups is lacking. One such group are bryophytes which are often abundant in grasslands, contributing a substantial amount to overall plant diversity as well as being important for ecosystem processes such as carbon and nitrogen cycling. This study investigates aspects of bryophyte diversity in internationally rare upland calcareous grasslands subjected to conservation grazing which aims to conserve characteristic vascular plant communities versus those subjected to decade long cessation of grazing which are managed to promote increased structural heterogeneity across the landscape. Sampling across the range of management treatments was undertaken in June–July 2013 and 2014 where per cent cover of bryophytes was recorded in 0.5 m × 0.5 m quadrats along with sward height. Bryophyte abundance was greater in grazed grasslands than ungrazed grasslands, though there was no difference in species richness, diversity or the proportion of life history strategies between the management types. Hence the non-target group is not adversely affected by the management regime. The rarity of ungrazed calcareous grasslands in the uplands, coupled with their importance for various taxa warrants the continuation of this management practice.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
Data is available from the corresponding author upon request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Armitage HF, Britton AJ, van der Wal R, Woodin SJ (2012) Grazing exclusion and phosphorus addition as potential local management options for the restoration of alpine moss-sedge heath. Biol Conserv 153:17–24
Aude E, Ejrnæs R (2005) Bryophyte colonisation in experimental microcosms: the role of nutrients, defoliation and vascular vegetation. Oikos 109:323–330
Backshall J, Manley J, Rebane M (2001) The upland management handbook. English Nature, Peterborough
Bates JW, Thompson K, Grime JP (2005) Effects of simulated long-term climatic change on the bryophytes of a limestone grassland community. Glob Chang Biol 11:757–769
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) _lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4_. R package version 1.1-8. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4
Bergamini A, Peintinger M, Schmid B, Urmi E (2001) Effects of management and altitude on bryophyte species diversity and composition in montane calcareous fens. Flora 196:180–193
Boch S, Müller J, Prati D, Fischer M (2018) Low-intensity management promotes bryophyte diversity in grasslands. Tuexenia 38:311–328
Bourn NAD, Thomas JA (2002) The challenge of conserving grassland insects at the margins of their range in Europe. Biol Conserv 104:285–292
Calaciura B, Spinelli O (2008) Management of Natura 2000 habitats. 6210 Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) (*important orchid sites). European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/management/habitats/pdf/6210_Seminatural_dry_grasslands.pdf
Callaghan DA, Ashton PA (2008) Bryophyte distribution and environment across an oceanic temperate landscape. J Bryol 20:23–35
Catorci A, Cesaretti S, Malatesta L, Tardella FM (2014) Effects of grazing vs mowing on the functional diversity of sub-Mediterranean productive grasslands. Appl Veg Sci 17:658–669
DEFRA (2013) Agriculture in the United Kingdom 2012. DEFRA. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/agriculture-in-the-united-kingdom. Accessed 15 Mar 2020
Dengler J, Löbel S (2006) Dry grassland communities of shallow, skeletal soils (Sedo-Scleranthenea) in northern Europe. Tuexenia 26:159–190
Dengler J, Biurrun I, Apostolova I, Baumann E, Becker T, Berastegi A, Boch S, Cancellieri L, Dembicz I, Didukh YP, Dolnik C (2016) Scale-dependent plant diversity in Palaearctic grasslands: a comparative overview. Bull Eurasian Dry Grassl Group 31:12–26
Dennis P, Young MR, Gordon IJ (1998) Distribution and abundance of small insects and arachnids in relation to structural heterogeneity of grazed, indigenous grasslands. Ecol Entomol 23:253–264
Dennis P, Skartveit J, McCracken DI, Pakeman RJ, Beaton K, Kunaver A, Evan DM (2008) The effects of livestock grazing on foliar arthropods associated with bird diet in upland grasslands of Scotland. J Appl Ecol 45:279–287
Dierssen K (2001) Distribution, ecological amplitude and phytosociological characterizaton of European bryophytes. Gerbruder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung Science Publishers, Stuttgart
Dufrene M, Legendre P (1997) Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol Monogr 67:345–366
During H (1992) Ecological classification of bryophytes and lichens. In: Bates JW, Farmer AM (eds) Bryophytes and lichens in a changing environment. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 1–31
Fischer M, Stocklin J (1997) Local extinctions of plants in remnants of extensively used calcareous grasslands 1950–1985. Conserv Biol 11:727–737
Fox J, Weisberg S (2019) An {R} companion to applied regression, 2nd edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks. http://socserv.socsci.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion
Fuller R, Gough S (1999) Changes in sheep numbers in Britain: implications for bird populations. Biol Conserv 91:73–89
Grime JP (1973) Control of species diversity in herbaceous vegetation. J Environ Manag 1:151–167
Harrison XA (2014) Using observation level random effects to model overdispersion in count data in ecology and evolution. Peer J 2:e616
Hill D, Fasham M, Tucker G, Shewry M, Shaw P (eds) (2005) Handbook of biodiversity methods: survey, evaluation and monitoring. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hill MO, Preston CD, Bosanquet SDS, Roy DB (2007) BRYOATT: attributes of British and Irish mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Huntingdon
Jerrentrup JS, Wrage-Monnig N, Rover KU, Isselstein J (2014) Grazing intensity affects insect diversity via sward structure and heterogeneity in a long-term experiment. J Appl Ecol 51:968–979
Kent M (2012) Vegetation description and data analysis: a practical approach, 2nd edn. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester
Littlewood NA, Stewart AJA, Woodcock BA (2012) Science into practice—how can fundamental science contribute to better management of grasslands for invertebrates? Insect Conserv Divers 5:1–8
Löbel S, Dengler J, Hobohm C (2006) Species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in dry grasslands: the effects of environment, landscape structure and competition. Folia Geobot 41:377–393
Lyons A, Powell I, Ashton PA, Oxbrough A (2017) Impacts of contrasting grazing management on plants and carabid beetles in upland calcareous grasslands. Agric Ecosyst Environ 244:22–34
Lyons A, Powell I, Ashton PA, Oxbrough A (2018) Epigeal spider assemblage responses to vegetation structure under contrasting grazing management in upland calcareous grasslands. Insect Conserv Divers 11:383–395
Maddock A (2008) UK Biodiveristy Action Plan Priority Habitat Descriptions: Upland Calcareous Grassland. Joint Nature Conservancy Committee, Peterborough. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5706. Accessed 17 Nov 2016
Morris MG (2000) The effects of structure and its dynamics on the ecology and conservation of arthropods in British grasslands. Biol Cons 95:129–142
Müller J, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Prati D, Hölzel N, Fischer M (2012) Impact of land-use intensity and productivity on bryophyte diversity in agricultural grasslands. PLoS ONE 7(12):e51520
Okland RH (2000) Population biology of the clonal moss Hylocomium splendens in Norwegian boreal spruce forests. 5. Vertical dynamics of individual shoot segments. Oikos 88(3):449–469
Okland RH, Okland T (1996) Population biology of the clonal moss Hylocomium splendens in Norwegian boreal spruce forests. II. Effects of density. J Ecol 84:63–69
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Szoecs E, Wagner H (2020) Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.5-7. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
Pajunen A, Virtanen RJ, Roininen H (2008) The effects of reindeer grazing on the composition and species richness of vegetation in forest-tundra ecotone. Polar Biol 31:1233–1244
Paton JA (1999) The Liverwort Flora of the British Isles. Harley Books, Colchester
Porley R, Hodgett N (2005) Mosses & Liverworts. Collins, London
Poschlod P, Wallis de Vries MF (2002) The historical and socioeconomic perspective of calcareous grasslands—lessons from the distant and recent past. Biol Conserv 104:361–376
Poschlod P, Bakker JP, Kahmen S (2005) Changing land use and its impact on biodiversity. Basic Appl Ecol 6:93–98
Pykälä J (2019) Habitat loss and deterioration explain the disappearance of populations of threatened vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens in a hemiboreal landscape. Glob Ecol Conserv 18:e00610
R Core Team (2020) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org.
Ridding LE, Redhead JW, Pywell RF (2015) Fate of semi-natural grassland in England between 1960 and 2013: a test of national conservation policy. Glob Ecol Conserv 4:516–525
Roberts DW (2019) labdsv: ordination and multivariate analysis for ecology. R Package Version 2.0-1. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
Rodwell JS (1992) British plant communities: Volume 3 Grasslands and Montane Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Roesch V, Tscharntke T, Scherber C, Batáry P (2013) Landscape composition, connectivity and fragment size drive effects of grassland fragmentation on insect communities. J Appl Ecol 50:387–394
Rook AJ, Dumont B, Isselstein J, Osoro K, Wallis de Vries MF, Parente G, Mills J (2004) Matching type of livestock to desired biodiversity outcomes in pastures—a review. Biol Conserv 119:137–150
Schmidt NM, Olsen H, Bildsoe M, Sluydts V, Leirs H (2005) Effects of grazing intensity on small mammal population ecology in wet meadows. Basic Appl Ecol 6:57–66
Smith AJE (2004) The Moss Flora of Britain and Ireland, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Soliveres S, Van Der Plas F, Manning P, Prati D, Gossner MM, Renner SC, Alt F, Arndt H, Baumgartner V, Binkenstein J, Birkhofer K (2016) Biodiversity at multiple trophic levels is needed for ecosystem multifunctionality. Nature 536(7617):456–459
Swengel AB (2001) A literature review of insect responses to fire, compared to other conservation managements of open habitat. Biodivers Conserv 10:1141–1169
Takala T, Tahvanainen T, Kouki J (2014) Grazing promotes bryophyte species richness in semi-natural grasslands. Ann Bot Fenn 51:148–160
Tälle M, Deák B, Poschlod P, Valko O, Westerberg L, Milberg P (2016) Grazing vs. mowing: a meta-analysis of biodiversity benefits for grassland management. Agric Ecosyst Environ 222:200–212
Tichit M, Durant D, Kerneis E (2005) The role of grazing in creating suitable sward structures for breeding waders in agricultural landscapes. Livest Prod Sci 96:119–128
Turetsky MR (2003) The role of bryophytes in carbon and nitrogen cycling. Bryologist 106(3):395–410
Van der Wal R, Pearce IS, Brooker RW (2005) Mosses and the struggle for light in a nitrogen-polluted world. Oecologia 142(2):159–168
van Klink R, van der Plas F, van Noordwijk CGE, Wallis de Vries MF (2015) Effects of large herbivores on grassland arthropod diversity. Biol Rev 90:347–436
Van Klink R, Boch S, Buri P, Rieder NS, Humbert JY, Arlettaz R (2017) No detrimental effects of delayed mowing or uncut grass refuges on plant and bryophyte community structure and phytomass production in low-intensity hay meadows. Basic Appl Ecol 20:1–9
Virtanen R, Johnston AE, Crawley MJ, Edwards GR (2000) Bryophyte biomass and species richness on the Park Grass Experiment, Rothamsted. UK Plant Ecol 151(2):129–141
Wallis de Vries MF, Poschlod P, Willems JH (2002) Challenges for the conservation of calcareous grasslands in north western Europe: integrating the requirements of flora and fauna. Biol Cons 104:265–273
Watkinson AR, Ormerod SJ (2001) Grasslands, grazing and biodiversity: editors’ introduction. J Appl Ecol 38:233–237
Watts SH, Griffith A, Mackinlay L (2019) Grazing exclusion and vegetation change in an upland grassland with patches of tall herbs. Appl Veg Sci 22(3):383–393
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Natural England, Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and the National Trust for their assistance in providing permission for sampling sites. Particular thanks to Rob Petley-Jones, Colin Newlands and Peter Welsh for assistance with site information.
Funding
Research was supported by Edge Hill University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by T. G. Allan Green.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lyons, A., Turner, S. & Ashton, P.A. Management of upland calcareous grasslands for target vascular plant community impacts upon abundance but not diversity of non-target bryophytes. Biodivers Conserv 31, 1023–1036 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02375-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-022-02375-z