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Natural forests of Pinus pinea in western Turkey: a priority for conservation

Biodiversity and Conservation volume 29, pages 3877–3898 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Identifying, surveying, monitoring and protecting natural forests is a major task in conservation biology. However, it is often challenging to identify which forest is natural, especially in human-altered regions such as the Mediterranean. Consequently, the distributions of natural Mediterranean forest types and their underlying factors are often unclear. Here, we attempt to explain the restricted and scattered distribution of natural Pinus pinea (Stone pine) forests in western Anatolia (Turkey) by comparing it with the distribution and ecology of the widespread Pinus brutia (Turkish pine) forests in this area. We used climatic and topographic predictors to test for differences between forests dominated by these two pine species. We modelled the realized niches of both pine species using the most relevant climatic predictors. Then, we compared soil data collected in the field, partly complemented with those published in the literature. We found small differences in climatic (precipitation and temperature) and topographic characteristics between the two forest types, which did not adequately explain the differences in the distribution range of P. brutia and P. pinea dominated forests. Our data suggest that these two forest types mainly differ in soil characteristics. The primary habitat of natural P. pinea forests is characterized by a low soil pH and calcium content. The rare occurrence of such soil conditions in western Anatolia likely shapes the scattered distribution of P. pinea forests. Our study suggests that natural P. pinea forests are rare habitats that should be in the focus of nature conservation.

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Data availability

Climatic, forestry and topographic data are freely available. Soil data are provided in the supporting material.

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Acknowledgements

We thank İzmir and Çanakkale Forest Regional Directorates and their staff for supporting our fieldwork, Abbas Şahin and Hüseyin Yurtseven for providing forest stand maps, and Coşkun Sağlam for his help in the field.

Funding

G.B. was supported by a research fellowship from TÜBİTAK under BİDEP 2221 programme and a postdoctoral programme of the Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University. M.C. was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (Project No. 19-28491X).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

    Gianmaria Bonari, Kryštof Chytrý & Milan Chytrý

  2. Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bozen, Italy

    Gianmaria Bonari

  3. Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey

    Süleyman Çoban

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  1. Gianmaria Bonari
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  2. Kryštof Chytrý
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  3. Süleyman Çoban
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  4. Milan Chytrý
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Contributions

G.B., M.C. and S.C. conceived the study and collected soil samples. K.C. performed statistical analyses. G.B. led the writing, with significant contributions of M.C., S.C. and K.C.

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Correspondence to Gianmaria Bonari.

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Communicated by Daniel Sanchez Mata.

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Appendix 1: Bonari et al. Natural forests of Pinus pinea in western Turkey: a priority for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation

Appendix 1: Bonari et al. Natural forests of Pinus pinea in western Turkey: a priority for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation

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Table 3 Soil data for Anatolian pine forests sampled
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Bonari, G., Chytrý, K., Çoban, S. et al. Natural forests of Pinus pinea in western Turkey: a priority for conservation. Biodivers Conserv 29, 3877–3898 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-02052-z

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Keywords

  • Ecological niche
  • Habitat
  • Mediterranean
  • Pine
  • Pinus brutia
  • Soil

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