Abstract
Fire transforms the structure of natural habitats and, consequently, modifies microclimates affecting ectotherm organisms that are particularly susceptible to changes in the thermal environment. Nevertheless, the effects of fire-induced microclimatic shifts upon natural populations have been neglected. We measured the central tendency and variation of habitat structural and microclimatic variables in experimental plots of Neotropical savanna vegetation subjected to different fire regimes and assessed their effects upon lizard community structure. In addition, we evaluated the underlying mechanisms linking fire-induced environmental changes to community structure, by comparing lizard body condition and survival between different fire regimes. Fire suppression promoted increased tree density, canopy cover and leaf-litter weight, whereas burning had the opposite effects, reducing the habitat structural complexity. The best predictors of fire regimes were means of structural variables, but variances of microclimatic variables, and the reduced structural complexity of burned plots both increased and decreased the variation of microclimatic variables. Lizard community structure was chiefly described by a gradient of decreasing tree density, canopy cover and leaf litter weight with increasing fire severity. About half of the lizard species were favored in the fire-protected plot, while the other half was favored in the burned plots, with most of the variation being explained by structural variables. Lizard body condition and survival rates were not affected by fire regimes, suggesting a dominant role of thermoregulation opportunities afforded by habitat structure—instead of food availability or predation rates—upon community structure. Our findings indicate that even sporadic fires can have profound effects upon lizard communities and that protecting some habitat patches from burning is essential to maximize lizard diversity in Cerrado landscapes.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
Abram PK, Boivin G, Moiroux J, Brodeur J (2017) Behavioural effects of temperature on ectothermic animals: unifying thermal physiology and behavioural plasticity. Biol Rev 92:1859–1876. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12312
Alvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, Goncalves JLD, Sparovek G (2013) Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorol Z 22:711–728. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507
Andersen AN, Cook GD, Corbett LK, Douglas MM, Eager RW, Russell-Smith J, Setterfield SA, Williams RJ, Woinarski JCZ (2005) Fire frequency and biodiversity conservation in Australian tropical savannas: implications from the Kapalga fire experiment. Austral Ecol 30:155–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01441.x
Andersson M, Krockenberger A, Schwarzkopf L (2010) Experimental manipulation reveals the importance of refuge habitat temperature selected by lizards. Austral Ecol 35:294–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.02035.x
Basson CH, Levy O, Angilletta MJ, Clusella-Trullas S (2017) Lizards paid a greater opportunity cost to thermoregulate in a less heterogeneous environment. Funct Ecol 31:856–865. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12795
Borcard D, Legendre P, Drapeau P (1992) Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology 73:1045–1055
Braithwaite RW (1987) Effects of fire regimes on lizards in the wet-dry tropics of Australia. J Trop Ecol 3:265–275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400002145
Breiman L (2001) Random forests. Mach Learn 45:5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324
Brisson JA, Strasburg JL, Templeton AR (2003) Impact of fire management on the ecology of Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) populations living on the Ozark Plateau. Anim Conserv 6:247–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1367943003003305
Buckley LB, Hurlbert AH, Jetz W (2012) Broad-scale ecological implications of ectothermy and endothermy in changing environments. Global Ecol Biogeogr 21:873–885. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00737.x
Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, New York
Bury RB (2004) Wildfire, fuel reduction, and herpetofaunas across diverse landscape mosaics in northwestern forests. Conserv Biol 18:968–975. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00522.x
Cavitt JF (2000) Fire and a tallgrass prairie reptile community: effects on relative abundance and seasonal activity. J Herpetol 34:12–20. https://doi.org/10.2307/1565233
Ceriani L, Verme P (2012) The origins of the Gini index: extracts from Variabilità e Mutabilità (1912) by Corrado Gini. J Econ Inequal 10:421–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10888-011-9188-X
Chen JQ, Saunders SC, Crow TR, Naiman RJ, Brosofske KD, Mroz GD, Brookshire BL, Franklin JF (1999) Microclimate in forest ecosystem and landscape ecology: variations in local climate can be used to monitor and compare the effects of different management regimes. Bioscience 49:288–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/1313612
Cintra R, Sanaiotti T (2005) Fire effects on the composition of a bird community in an Amazonian savanna (Brazil). Braz J Biol 65:683–695. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842005000400016
Clarke MF (2008) Catering for the needs of fauna in fire management: science or just wishful thinking? Wildl Res 35:385–394. https://doi.org/10.1071/Wr07137
Colli GR (1991) Reproductive ecology of Ameiva ameiva (Sauria, Teiidae) in the Cerrado of central Brazil. Copeia 1991:1002–1012. https://doi.org/10.2307/1446095
Colli GR, Péres AK, Zatz MG (1997) Foraging mode and reproductive seasonality in tropical lizads. J Herpetol 31:490–499. https://doi.org/10.2307/1565600
Costa BM, Pantoja DL, Vianna MCM, Colli GR (2013) Direct and short-term effects of fire on lizard assemblages from a neotropical savanna hotspot. J Herpetol 47:502–510. https://doi.org/10.1670/12-043
Crawley MJ (2013) The R book. Wiley, Chichester
Cunningham SC, Babb RD, Jones TR, Taubert BD, Vega R (2002) Reaction of lizard populations to a catastrophic wildfire in a central Arizona mountain range. Biol Conserv 107:193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00064-2
Davies-Colley RJ, Payne GW, van Elswijk M (2000) Microclimate gradients across a forest edge. N Z J Ecol 24:111–121. https://doi.org/10.2307/24054666
de Andrade RB, Balch JK, Carreira JYO, Brando PM, Freitas AVL (2017) The impacts of recurrent fires on diversity of fruit-feeding butterflies in a south-eastern Amazon forest. J Trop Ecol 33:22–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000559
Deng H (2013) Guided random forest in the RRF package. http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0237v1:1-2
Dillon ME, Woods HA (2016) Introduction to the symposium: beyond the mean: biological impacts of changing patterns of temperature variation. Integr Comp Biol 56:11–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw020
Dillon ME, Woods HA, Wang G, Fey SB, Vasseur DA, Telemeco RS, Marshall K, Pincebourde S (2016) Life in the frequency domain: the biological impacts of changes in climate variability at multiple time scales. Integr Comp Biol 56:14–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw024
Elzer AL, Pike DA, Webb JK, Hammill K, Bradstock RA, Shine R (2013) Forest-fire regimes affect thermoregulatory opportunities for terrestrial ectotherms. Austral Ecol 38:190–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02391.x
Engstrom RT (2010) First-order fire effects on animals: review and recommendations. Fire Ecol 6:115–130. https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0601115
Fenner AL, Bull CM (2007) Short-term impact of grassland fire on the endangered Pygmy Bluetongue Lizard. J Zool 272:444–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00287.x
Flatt T, Shine R, Borges-Landaez PA, Downes SJ (2001) Phenotypic variation in an oviparous montane lizard (Bassiana duperreyi): the effects of thermal and hydric incubation environments. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 74:339–350. https://doi.org/10.1006/bijl.2001.0581
Garda AA, Costa GC, Franca FGR, Giugliano LG, Leite GS, Mesquita DO, Nogueira C, Tavares-Bastos L, Vasconcellos MM, Vieira GHC, Vitt LJ, Werneck FP, Wiederhecker HC, Colli GR (2012) Reproduction, body size, and diet of Polychrus acutirostris (Squamata: Polychrotidae) in two contrasting environments in Brazil. J Herpetol 46:2–8. https://doi.org/10.1670/10-288
Gaston KJ (2003) The structure and dynamics of geographic ranges. Oxford University Press, New York
Greenberg CH (2002) Fire, habitat structure and herpetofauna in the southeast vol NE-288. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Newtown Square
Griffiths AD, Christian KA (1996) The effects of fire on the Frillneck Lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii) in northern Australia. Aust J Ecol 21:386–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1996.tb00625.x
Haslem A, Kelly LT, Nimmo DG, Watson SJ, Kenny SA, Taylor RS, Avitabile SC, Callister KE, Spence-Bailey LM, Clarke MF, Bennett AF (2011) Habitat or fuel? Implications of long-term, post-fire dynamics for the development of key resources for fauna and fire. J Appl Ecol 48:247–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01906.x
Haslem A, Avitabile SC, Taylor RS, Kelly LT, Watson SJ, Nimmo DG, Kenny SA, Callister KE, Spence-Bailey LM, Bennett AF, Clarke MF (2012) Time-since-fire and inter-fire interval influence hollow availability for fauna in a fire-prone system. Biol Conserv 152:212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.04.007
Hellgren EC, Burrow AL, Kazmaier RT, Ruthven DC (2010) The effects of winter burning and grazing on resources and survival of Texas Horned Lizards in a thornscrub ecosystem. J Wildl Manage 74:300–309. https://doi.org/10.2193/2009-090
Hoffmann WA, Jaconis S, Mckinley KL, Geiger EL, Gotsch SG, Franco AC (2012) Fuels or microclimate? Understanding the drivers of fire feedbacks at savanna-forest boundaries. Austral Ecol 37:634–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02324.x
Huang SP, Porter WP, Tu MC, Chiou CR (2014) Forest cover reduces thermally suitable habitats and affects responses to a warmer climate predicted in a high-elevation lizard. Oecologia 175:25–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2882-1
Huey RB, Stevenson RD (1979) Integrating thermal physiology and ecology of ectotherms: discussion of approaches. Am Zool 19:357–366. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/19.1.357
Lara DX, Fiedler NC, Medeiros MB (2007) Uso do fogo em propriedades rurais do Cerrado em Cavalcante, GO. Cienc Florest 17:9–15. https://doi.org/10.5902/198050981930
Legendre P, Legendre L (2012) Numerical Ecology, 3rd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdan
Legendre P, Oksanen J, ter Braak CJF (2011) Testing the significance of canonical axes in redundancy analysis. Methods Ecol Evol 2:269–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00078.x
Liaw A, Wiener M (2002) Classification and regression by randomForest. R News 2:18–22
Lyon LJ, Telfer ES, Schreiner DS (2000) Direct effects of fire and animal responses. In: Report GT (ed) Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fauna, vol 1. RMRS-GTR-42, pp 17–23
Maravalhas J, Vasconcelos HL (2014) Revisiting the pyrodiversity-biodiversity hypothesis: long-term fire regimes and the structure of ant communities in a Neotropical savanna hotspot. J Appl Ecol 51:1661–1668. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12338
Martin RE, Sapsis DB (1991) Fires as agents of biodiversity: pyrodiversity promotes biodiversity. In: Kerner HM (ed) Symposium on biodiversity, Northwestern California, 1992. Wildland Resources Centre, University of California, Berkeley, pp 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0169
Matthews CE, Moorman CE, Greenberg CH, Waldrop TA (2010) Response of reptiles and amphibians to repeated fuel reduction treatments. J Wildl Manag 74:1301–1310. https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-513
Meiri S, Bauer AM, Chirio L, Colli GR, Das I, Doan TM, Feldman A, Herrera F-C, Novosolov M, Pafilis P, Pincheira-Donoso D, Powney G, Torres-Carvajal O, Uetz P, Van Damme R (2013) Are lizards feeling the heat? A tale of ecology and evolution under two temperatures. Global Ecol Biogeogr 22:834–845. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12053
Mesquita DO, Colli GR, Franca FGR, Vitt LJ (2006) Ecology of a Cerrado lizard assemblage in the Jalapão region of Brazil. Copeia 2006:460–471
Milling CR, Rachlow JL, Olsoy PJ, Chappell MA, Johnson TR, Forbey JS, Shipley LA, Thornton DH (2018) Habitat structure modifies microclimate: an approach for mapping fine-scale thermal refuge. Methods Ecol Evol 9:1648–1657. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13008
Miranda HS (2010) Efeitos do Regime do Fogo sobre a Estrutura de Comunidades de Cerrado: Resultados do Projeto Fogo. Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, BrasÃlia
Miranda HS, Bustamante MMC, Miranda AC (2002) The fire factor. In: Oliveira PS, Marquis RJ (eds) The Cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 51–68
Miranda HS, Sato MN, Nascimento WN, Aires FS (2009) Fires in the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna. In: Cochrane MA (ed) Tropical fire ecology: climate change, land use, and ecosystem dynamics. Springer and Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, pp 427–450
Mistry J (1998) Fire in the cerrado (savannas) of Brazil: an ecological review. Prog Phys Geogr 22:425–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339802200401
Moseley KR, Castleberry SB, Schweitzer SH (2003) Effects of prescribed fire on herpetofauna in bottomland hardwood forests. Southeast Nat 2:475–486
Mott B, Alford RA, Schwarzkopf L (2010) Tropical reptiles in pine forests: assemblage responses to plantations and plantation management by burning. For Ecol Manag 259:916–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.031
Nicholson E, Lill A, Andersen A (2006) Do tropical savanna skink assemblages show a short-term response to low-intensity fire? Wildl Res 33:331–338. https://doi.org/10.1071/Wr05067
Nimmo DG, Kelly LT, Spence-Bailey LM, Watson SJ, Taylor RS, Clarke MF, Bennett AF (2013) Fire mosaics and reptile conservation in a fire-prone region. Conserv Biol 27:345–353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01958.x
Nimmo DG, Kelly LT, Farnsworth LM, Watson SJ, Bennett AF (2014) Why do some species have geographically varying responses to fire history? Ecography 37:805–813. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.00684
Nogueira C, Colli GR, Martins M (2009) Local richness and distribution of the lizard fauna in natural habitat mosaics of the Brazilian Cerrado. Austral Ecol 34:83–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01887.x
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlinn D, Minchin PR, O’Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Szoecs E, Wagner H (2018) vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5-2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
Oliveira-Filho AT, Ratter JA (2002) Vegetation physiognomies and woody flora of the Cerrado biome. In: Oliveira PS, Marquis RJ (eds) The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 91–120
Oliveras I, Meirelles ST, Hirakuri VL, Freitas CR, Miranda HS, Pivello VR (2013) Effects of fire regimes on herbaceous biomass and nutrient dynamics in the Brazilian savanna. Int J Wildland Fire 22:368–380. https://doi.org/10.1071/Wf10136
Parr CL, Andersen AN (2006) Patch mosaic burning for biodiversity conservation: a critique of the pyrodiversity paradigm. Conserv Biol 20:1610–1619. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00492.x
Pelegrin N, Bucher EH (2010) Long-term effects of a wildfire on a lizard assemblage in the arid Chaco forest. J Arid Environ 74:368–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.09.009
Peres-Neto PR, Legendre P, Dray S, Borcard D (2006) Variation partitioning of species data matrices: estimation and comparison of fractions. Ecology 87:2614–2625
Pianka ER (1996) Long-term changes in lizard assemblages in the Great Victoria Desert: dynamic habitat mosaics in response to wildfires. In: Cody ML, Smallwood JA (eds) Long-term studies of vertebrate communities. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 191–215
Pianka ER, Goodyear SE (2011) Lizard responses to wildfire in arid interior Australia: long-term experimental data and commonalities with other studies. Austral Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02234.x
Pincebourde S, Murdock CC, Vickers M, Sears MW (2016) Fine-scale microclimatic variation can shape the responses of organisms to global change in both natural and urban environments. Integr Comp Biol 56:45–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icw016
Potter KA, Arthur Woods H, Pincebourde S (2013) Microclimatic challenges in global change biology. Glob Chang Biol 19:2932–2939. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12257
R Core Team (2018) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. http://www.R-project.org
Ramos AM, dos Santos LAR, Fortes LTG (2009) Normais Climatológicas do Brasil 1961-1990. INMET, BrasÃlia
Ribeiro MLO (ed) (2011) Reserva Ecológica do IBGE - Biodiversidade Terrestre. Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e EstatÃstica—IBGE, Rio de Janeiro
Rochester CJ, Brehme CS, Clark DR, Stokes DC, Hathaway SA, Fisher RN (2010) Reptile and amphibian responses to large-scale wildfires in southern California. J Herpetol 44:333–351. https://doi.org/10.1670/08-143.1
Sato MN, Miranda HS, Maia JMF (2010) O fogo e o estrato arbóreo do Cerrado: Efeitos imediatos e de longo prazo. In: Miranda HS (ed) Efeitos do Regime do Fogo sobre a Estrutura de Comunidades de Cerrado: Resultados do Projeto Fogo. Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, BrasÃlia, pp 77–91
Scheffers BR, Edwards DP, Diesmos A, Williams SE, Evans TA (2014) Microhabitats reduce animal’s exposure to climate extremes. Glob Chang Biol 20:495–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12439
Sears MW, Angilletta MJ, Schuler MS, Borchert J, Dilliplane KF, Stegman M, Rusch TW, Mitchell WA (2016) Configuration of the thermal landscape determines thermoregulatory performance of ectotherms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 113:10595–10600. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604824113
Sinervo B, Mendez-de-la-Cruz F, Miles DB, Heulin B, Bastiaans E, Cruz MVS, Lara-Resendiz R, Martinez-Mendez N, Calderon-Espinosa ML, Meza-Lazaro RN, Gadsden H, Avila LJ, Morando M, De la Riva IJ, Sepulveda PV, Rocha CFD, Ibarguengoytia N, Puntriano CA, Massot M, Lepetz V, Oksanen TA, Chapple DG, Bauer AM, Branch WR, Clobert J, Sites JW (2010) Erosion of lizard diversity by climate change and altered thermal niches. Science 328:894–899
Singh S, Smyth AK, Blomberg SP (2002) Effect of a control burn on lizards and their structural environment in a eucalypt open-forest. Wildl Res 29:447–454. https://doi.org/10.1071/Wr01015
Sousa HCd, Soares AHSB, Costa BM, Pantoja DL, Caetano GH, Queiroz TAd, Colli GR (2015) Fire regimes and the demography of the lizard Micrablepharus atticolus (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) in a biodiversity hotspot. S Am J Herpetol 10:143–156. https://doi.org/10.2994/sajh-d-15-00011.1
Sousa HC, Costa BM, Morais CJS, Pantoja DL, de Queiroz TA, Vieira CR, Colli GR (2016) Blue tales of a blue-tailed lizard: ecological correlates of tail autotomy in Micrablepharus atticolus (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) in a Neotropical savannah. J Zool 299:202–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12335
Taylor JE, Fox BJ (2001) Disturbance effects from fire and mining produce different lizard communities in eastern Australian forests. Austral Ecol 26:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01105.x
Ter Braak CJF (1986) Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67:1167–1179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938672
Thomas JA, Rose RJ, Clarke RT, Thomas CD, Webb NR (1999) Intraspecific variation in habitat availability among ectothermic animals near their climatic limits and their centres of range. Funct Ecol 13:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00008.x
Trainor CR, Woinarski JCZ (1994) Responses of lizards to three experimental fires in the savanna forests of Kakadu National Park. Wildl Res 21:131–148. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR9940131
Uehara-Prado M, Bello AdM, Fernandes JO, Santos AJ, Silva IA, Cianciaruso MV (2010) Abundance of epigaeic arthropods in a Brazilian savanna under different fire frequencies. Zoologia (Curitiba) 27:718–724. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702010000500008
Vieira EM (1999) Small mammal communities and fire in the Brazilian Cerrado. J Zool 249:75–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01061.x
Vitt LJ, Colli GR, Caldwell JP, Mesquita DO, Garda AA, FranÇa FGR (2007) Detecting variation in microhabitat use in low-diversity lizard assemblages across small-scale habitat gradients. J Herpetol 41:654–663. https://doi.org/10.1670/06-279.1
Waldschmidt S, Tracy CR (1983) Interactions between a lizard and its thermal environment: implications for sprint performance and space utilization in the lizard Uta stansburiana. Ecology 64:476–484. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939967
Webb JK, Shine R (2008) Differential effects of an intense wildfire on survival of sympatric snakes. J Wildl Manag 72:1394–1398. https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-515
Whelan RJ (1995) The ecology of fire. Cambridge Studies in Ecoloy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
White GC, Burnham KP (1999) Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study 46:S120–S139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00063659909477239
Wiederhecker HC, Pinto ACS, Colli GR (2002) Reproductive ecology of Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata: Tropiduridae) in the highly seasonal Cerrado biome of central Brazil. J Herpetol 36:82–91
Wilgers DJ, Horne EA (2006) Effects of diferent burn regimes on tallgrass prairie herpetofaunal species diversity and community composition in the Flint Hills, Kansas. J Herpetol 40:73–84. https://doi.org/10.1670/162-05A.1
Woods HA, Dillon ME, Pincebourde S (2015) The roles of microclimatic diversity and of behavior in mediating the responses of ectotherms to climate change. J Therm Biol 54:86–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.10.002
Acknowledgements
We thank the administration of Reserva Ecológica do IBGE for logistic support during all stages of data collecting and H. S. Miranda for diligently coordinating the main project of prescribed fires. BMC and DLP thank Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior (CAPES) for fellowships. HCS and TAQ thank Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for fellowships. GRC thanks CAPES, CNPq, Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAPDF), and USAID’s PEER program under cooperative agreement AID-OAA-A-11-00012 for financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by David Hawksworth.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Costa, B.M., Pantoja, D.L., Sousa, H.C. et al. Long-term, fire-induced changes in habitat structure and microclimate affect Cerrado lizard communities. Biodivers Conserv 29, 1659–1681 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01892-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01892-8
Keywords
- Lizard
- Reptile
- Cerrado
- Savanna
- Fire
- Community structure
- Conservation