Abstract
In recent decades, a number of ethnobotanical studies have been developed in many territories, but only a few studies deal with the ecology of the botanical resources, apart from those focused on the so-called ethnoecology, i.e., on the local perceptions of the ecological issues of used plants and their environment. Ethnobotanical resources are known by local people and are normally gathered from the wild, therefore altering the environment in which they grow. From a performed database of all ethnobotanical resources used in Granada Province (South Spain), we analysed several botanical issues, such as the main represented botanical families, biological types, and the biological spectrum. Complementing this classical analysis, in order to establish a new model to know which habitats are more visited and therefore altered by plant collections, we performed an ecological study. For this study, an ecological adscription of the botanical resources was made on the basis of the phytosociological method. Some important questions for us developed during our long time field ethnobotanical work are analysed and commented. For example, the fact that generally people do not gather many plants from mountain summits, only a few medicinal plants without a relative-substitute in lowlands. Differences of the visited habitats in order to collect medicinal or edible wild plants are also analysed. A final brief analysis deals with the relation of the ecology of some ethnobotanical resources with their chemical compounds, focusing on alkaloidic plants: most plants with alkaloid generally grow in nitrogen-rich soils in which any type of nitrophilous vegetation is developed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aceituno-Mata L (2010) Estudio etnobotánico y agroecológico de la Sierra Norte de Madrid. PhD Thesis. http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/PDF/Aceituno_Estud_Etnobot_Sierra_N_Madrid_2010.pdf
Alarcón R, Pardo-de-Santayana M, Priestley C, Morales R, Heinrich M (2015) Medicinal and local food plants in the south of Alava (Basque Country, Spain). J Ethnopharmacol 176:207–224
Albuquerque UP, Araújo TAS, Ramos MA, Nascimento VT, Lucena RFP, Monteiro JM, Alencar NL, Araújo EL (2009) How ethnobotany can aid biodiversity conservation: reflections on investigations in the semi-arid region of NE Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18(1):127–150
Allen D, Bilz M, Leaman DJ, Miller RM, Timoshyna A, Window J (2014) European red list of medicinal plants. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
Alonso-Amelot ME (2008) High altitude plants, chemistry of acclimation and adaptation. In: Atta-ur-Rahman (ed) Studies in natural products chemistry, vol 34. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Alonso-Amelot ME, Oliveros A, Calcagno-Pisarelli MP (2004) Phenolics and condensed tannins in relation to altitude in neotropical Pteridium spp: a field study in the Venezuelan Andes. Biochem Syst Ecol 32(11):969–981
Anon (1992) Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. European Commission Brussels
Anon (2012) Decreto 23/2012, de 14 de febrero, por el que se regula la conservación y el uso sostenible de la flora y la fauna silvestres y sus hábitats. Official Bulletin of the Andalusian Government number 60. Accessed 27 March, 2012
Anon (2014) Andalusian Government website. http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/site/portalweb/menuitem.7e1cf46ddf59bb227a9ebe205510e1ca/?vgnextoid=545e0bf41a188110VgnVCM1000000624e50aRCRD&vgnextchannel=007fee9b421f4310VgnVCM2000000624e50aRCRD. Accessed 15 Jan 2014
Arechavaleta M, Bacon CW, Plattner RD, Hoveland CS, Radcliffe DE (1992) Accumulation of ergopeptide alkaloids in symbiotic tall fescue grown under deficits of soil water and nitrogen fertilizer. Appl Environ Microbiol 58(3):857–861
Arteche A, Vanaclocha B, Güenechea JL, Martínez R (2000) Fitoterapia. Vademecum de prescripción. Plantas medicinales. Masson, Barcelona
Bañares A, Blanca G, Güemes J, Moreno JC, Ortiz S (eds) (2004) Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España. Taxones Prioritarios. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza, Madrid
Bañares A, Blanca G, Güemes J, Moreno JC, Ortiz S (eds) (2007) Atlas y Libro Rojo de la Flora Vascular Amenazada de España. Adenda 2006. Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino)-Sociedad Española de Biología de la Conservación de Plantas. Madrid, Spain
Bartwal A, Mall R, Lohani P, Guru SK, Arora S (2013) Role of secondary metabolites and brassinosteroids in plant defense against environmental stresses. J Plant Growth Regul 32(1):216–232
Benítez G (2007) El uso de las plantas a través de la cultura tradicional lojeña. Una perspectiva etnobotánica. Fundación Ibn al-Jatib de Estudios de Cooperación Cultural, Granada
Benítez G (2009) Etnobotánica y etnobiología del Poniente Granadino. PhD Thesis. Pharmacy School, University of Granada, Spain
Benítez G, González-Tejero MR, Molero-Mesa J (2010a) Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the western part of Granada province (southern Spain): ethnopharmacological synthesis. J Ethnopharmacol 129:87–105
Benítez G, Molero Mesa J, González-Tejero MR (2010b) Floristic and ecological diversity of ethnobotanical resources used in western Granada (Spain) and their conservation. Act Bot Gall 157:769–786
Benítez G, González-Tejero MR, Molero-Mesa J (2012a) Chapter 7: Advances in the knowledge of medicinal plants in Eastern Andalusia, Spain. In: Rai M, Cordell GA, Martínez JL, Marinoff M, Rastelli L (eds) Medicinal plants: biodiversity and drugs. Science Publishers & CRC Press, Endfield
Benítez G, González-Tejero MR, Molero-Mesa J (2012b) Knowledge of ethnoveterinary medicine in the Province of Granada, Andalusia, Spain. J Ethnopharmacol 139:429–439
Blanca G (2001) Flora amenazada y endémica de Sierra Nevada. Consejería de Medio Ambiente. Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla
Blanca G, Cabezudo B, Hernández Bermejo JE, Herrera CM, Molero Mesa J, Muñoz J, Valdés B (1999) Libro Rojo de la Flora Silvestre Amenazada de Andalucía, vol I: Especies en Peligro de Extinción. Consejería de Medio Ambiente. Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla
Blanca G, Cabezudo B, Hernández Bermejo JE, Herrera CM, Muñoz J, Valdés B (2000) Libro Rojo de la Flora Silvestre Amenazada de Andalucía, vol II: Especies Vulnerables. Consejería de Medio Ambiente. Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla
Blanca G, Cabezudo B, Cueto M, Fernández López C, Morales C (2009) Flora Vascular de Andalucía Oriental. Consejería de Medio Ambiente, vol III. Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla
Bonet MA, Vallès J (2002) Use of non-crop food vascular plants in Montseny biosphere reserve (Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula). Int J Food Sci Nutr 53:225–248
Bonet MA, Vallès J (2006) Plantes, remeis i cultura popular del Montseny. Etnobotànica d’una Reserva de la Biosfera. Granollers & Figueres, Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers & Brau Edicions
Braun-Blanquet J (1918) Eine pflanzengeographische Exkursion durch Unterengadin und in den schweizerischen Nationalpark. Beitr Geobot Landesaufnahme 4:1–80
Braun-Blanquet J (1928) Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde, Springer
Bruneton J (2001) Farmacognosia, fitoquímica, plantas medicinales. Acribia, Zaragoza
Carrió E, Vallès J (2012) Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used in Eastern Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Sea). J Ethnopharmacol 141(3):1021–1040
Carvalho AM (2010) Plantas y sabiduría popular del Parque Natural de Montesinho. Un estudio etnobotánico en Portugal, CSIC, Madrid
Casagrande D (2012). Ethnoecology. http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/152681. Accessed 10 Jan 2014
Castroviejo S (1986–2012) Flora iberica 1-8, 10-15, 17-18, 21. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid
Cavero RY, Akerreta S, Calvo MI (2011) Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in Northern Navarra (Iberian Peninsula). J Ethnopharmacol 133:138–146
Challis GL, Hopwood DA (2003) Synergy and contingency as driving forces for the evolution of multiple secondary metabolite production by Streptomyces species. PNAS 100(Suppl 2):14555–14561
Cirujeda A, Zaragoza C, León M, Aibar J (2013) La cara amable de las malas hierbas. Usos alimentarios, medicinales y ornamentales de las plantas arvenses. Segunda edición corregida. CITA-Gobierno de Aragón y Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Aragón, Navarra y País Vasco, Spain
Cotton C (1996) Ethnobotany. Principles and applications. Wiley, Chichester
Cuello S, Alberto MR, Zampini IC, Ordoñez RM, Isla MI (2011) Comparative study of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and genotoxicity of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of four Fabiana species that grow in mountainous area of Argentina. J Ethnopharmacol 137(1):512–522
Deduke C, Timsina B, Piercey-Normore MD (2011) Effect of environmental change on secondary metabolite production in lichen-forming fungi. In: Young SS, Silvern S (eds) Global environmental change. InTech, Open Access Publishing
Díaz González T (1986) Aportaciones de la fitosociología en el campo de la flora medicinal. In: Memoria de las VI Jornadas de Plantas Medicinales, aromáticas y condimentarias. Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca, Valladolid
Edreva A, Velikova V, Tsonev T, Dagnon S, Gurel A, Aktas E, Gesheva E (2008) Stress-protective role of secondary metabolites: diversity of functions and mechanisms. Gen Appl Plant Physiol 34:67–78
Evans WC (2002) Trease and evans pharmacognosy, 15th edn. W. B. Saunders, Edinburgh
Fernández AM (2000) Estudio etnobotánico en el Parque Natural de las Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas. Investigación química de un grupo de especies interesantes. PhD Thesis. Universidad de Jaén, Spain
Gonnet JF (1983) Phytosociological and geographical variation of flavonoid glycosides in Chaerophyllum aureum. Phytochemistry 22(6):1421–1423
Gonnet JF (1985) Individual variation of flavonoid glycosides in Chaerophyllum aureum. Biochem Sys Ecol 13(3):313–317
González JA, Amich F (2015) Plants traditionally used for industrial and artisanal purposes in the Arribes del Duero (Spain). An Jard Bot Madr 72(2):e025
González-Tejero MR (1989) Investigaciones etnobotanicas en la provincia de Granada. PhD Thesis. Universidad de Granada, Spain
González-Tejero MR, Molero-Mesa J, Casares-Porcel M, Martínez-Lirola MJ (1995) New contributions to the ethnopharmacology of Spain. J Ethnopharmacol 45:157–165
Graebherr G (2009) Biodiversity in the high ranges of the Alps: ethnobotanical and climate change perspectives. Glob Environ Change 19(2):167–172
Heinrich M, Kufer J, Leonti M, Pardo-de-Santayana M (2006) Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology: interdisciplinary links with the historical sciences. J Ethnopharmacol 107:157–160
Hernández-Bermejo JE, Clemente-Muñoz M (1994) Biodiversidad y Recursos Fitogenéticos en Andalucía. In: Hernández Bermejo JE, Clemente Muñoz M (eds) Protección de la Flora en Andalucía. Agencia de Medio Ambiente, Sevilla
Heywood VH (2011) Ethnopharmacology, food production, nutrition and biodiversity conservation: towards a sustainable future for indigenous peoples. J Ethnopharmacol 137(1):1–15
Kelly RL (1995) The foraging spectrum: diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Smithsonian Institution, Washington
Kennedy CW, Bush LP (1983) Effect of environmental and management factors on the accumulation of N-acetyl and N-formyl loline alkaloids in tall fescue. Crop Sci 23:547–552
Ladio AH, Lozada M (2000) Edible wild plant use in a Mapuche community of Northwestern Patagonia. Hum Ecol 28(1):53–71
Laguna A (1555) Pedacio Dioscorides Anazarbeo, Acerca de la materia medicinal y de los venenos mortiferos. La materia medicinal y de los venenos mortiferos. Traducido del Griego e ilustrado por el Dr. Andres de Laguna. Facsimile edition of the Consejeria de Agricultura y Cooperacion de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Markert A, Steffan N, Ploss K, Hellwig S, Steiner U, Drewke C, Li SM, Boland W, Leistner E (2008) Biosynthesis and accumulation of ergoline alkaloids in a mutualistic association between Ipomoea asarifolia (Convolvulaceae) and a clavicipitalean fungus. Plant Physiol 147:296–305
Marten GC, Barnes RF, Simons AB, Wooding FJ (1973) Alkaloids and palatability of Phalaris arundinacea Grown in diverse environments. Agron J 65:199–201
Martin GJ (1995) Ethnobotany. A methods manual. Chapman & Hall, London
Martínez-Lirola MJ, González-Tejero MR, Molero-Mesa J (1997) Investigaciones etnobotánicas en el parque natural de Cabo de Gata-Níjar (Almería). Ed. Sociedad almeriense de historia natural y Conserjería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía, Spain
Menendez-Baceta G, Aceituno-Mata L, Tardío J, Reyes-García V, Pardo-de-Santayana M (2012) Wild edible plants traditionally gathered in Gorbeialdea (Biscay, Basque Country). Genet Resour Crop Evol 59(7):1329–1347
Menendez-Baceta G, Aceituno-Mata L, Molina M, Reyes-García V, Tardío J, Pardo-de-Santayana M (2014) Medicinal plants traditionally used in the northwest of the Basque Country (Biscay and Alava), Iberian Peninsula. J Ethnopharmacol 152:113–134
Molero-Mesa J (1994) Baetic and sub-baetic mountains, Spain. In: Davis SD, Heywood VH, Hamilton A (eds) Centres of plant diversity, a guide and strategy for their conservation. WWF & IUCN. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge
Moreno JC (2008) Lista Roja 2008 de la flora vascular española. Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino, y Sociedad Española de Biología de la Conservación de Plantas). Madrid, Spain
Mulet L (1991) Estudio Etnobotanico de la provincia de Castellon. Diputacion de Castellon, Spain
Muñoz-Leza JR (1989) Investigaciones etnobotánicas en el Valle de Lecrín (Granada). Graduate Thesis, Universidad de Granada, Spain
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GA, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853–858
Parada M, Selga A, Bonet MÀ, Vallès J (2002) Etnobotànica de les terres gironines. Natura i cultura popular a la plana interior de l´Alt Empordà i de les Guilleries. Collecció Francesc Eiximenis 3. Diputació de Girona. Girona, Spain
Pardo de Santayana M, Tardío J, Morales R (2005) The gathering and consumption of wild edible plants in Campoo (Cantabria, Spain). Int J Food Sci Nutr 56(7):529–542
Pardo-de-Santayana M, Morales R, Aceituno-Mata L, Molina M (eds) (2014) Inventario español de los conocimientos tradicionales relativos a la biodiversidad. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Madrid
Pignatti S, Oberdorfer E, Schaminée JHJ, Westhoff V (1995) On the concept of vegetation class in phytosociology. J Veg Sci 6:143–152
Porteres R (1970) Cours d’Ethno-botanique et Ethno-zoologie (1969–1970). Volume I, Ethno-botanique générale. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Laboratoire d’Ethno-botanique et Ethno-zoologie), Faculté des Lettres. (Institut d’Ethnologie), Paris, France
Pott R (2011) Phytosociology: a modern geobotanical method. Plant Biosyst 145:9–18
Prance GT (2007) Ethnobotany, the science of survival: a declaration from Kaua’i. Econ Bot 61(1):1–2
Pyke GH (1984) Optimal foraging theory: a critical review. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 15:523–575
Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA (2011) Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal Behav 6(11):1720–1731
Raunkiaer C (1934) The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Introduction by A.G.Tansley. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Rivas-Martínez S (2002a) High syntaxa of Spain and Portugal and their characteristic species. In: Rivas-Martínez S, Díaz TE, Fernández-González F, Izco J, Loidi J, Lousa M, Penas A (2002) Vascular plant communities of Spain and Portugal, Addenda to the syntaxonomical checklist of 2001. Itin Geobot 15: 434–922
Rivas-Martínez S, Asensi A, Molero-Mesa J, Valle F (1991) Endemismos vasculares de Andalucía. Givasgodaya 6:5–76
Rivas-Martínez S, Fernández-González F, Loidi J, Lousa M, Penas A (2001) Syntaxonomical checklist of vascular plant communities of Spain and Portugal to association level. Itin Geobot 14:1–341
Rivas-Martínez S, Díaz TE, Fernández-González F, Izco J, Loidi J, Lousa M, Penas A (2002) Vascular plant communities of Spain and Portugal. Addenda to the syntaxonomical checklist of 2001. Itin Geobot 15(1–2):1–922
Rivera D, Obón C, Inocencio C, Heinrich M, Verde A, Fajardo J, Palazón JA (2007) Gathered food plants in the mountains of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain): ethnobotany and multivariate analysis. Econ Bot 61:269–289
Sakalauskaite J, Viškelis P, Duchovskis P, Dambrauskiene E, Sakalauskiene S, Samuoliene G, Brazaityte A (2012) Supplementary UV-B irradiation effects on basil (Ocimum basilicum) growth and phytochemical properties. J Food Agric Environ 10(3–4):342–346
Salick J, Fang Z, Byg A (2009) Eastern Himalayan alpine plant ecology, Tibetan ethnobotany, and climate change. Glob Environ Change 19(2):147–155
Santos LLD, Ramos MA, da Silva SI, de Sales MF, de Albuquerque UP (2009) Caatinga ethnobotany: anthropogenic landscape modification and useful species in brazil’s semi-arid northeast. Econ Bot 63:363–374
Schultes RE (1994) The importance of ethnobotany in environmental conservation. Am J Econ Sociol 53(2):202–206
Sheehan MS (2004) Ethnographic models, archaeological data, and the applicability of modern foraging theory. In: Barnard A (ed) Hunter-gatherers in history, archaeology and anthropology. Berg, New York, pp 163–174
Smith EA (1983) Anthropological applications of optimal foraging theory: a critical review. Curr Antropol 24(5):625–651
Tardío J, Pascual H, Morales R (2002) Alimentos silvestres de Madrid. Guía de plantas y setas de uso alimentario tradicional en la Comunidad de Madrid. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Ediciones La Librería, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejería de Economía e Innovación Tecnológica, Comunidad de Madrid. Madrid, Spain
Tardío J, Pardo-de-Santayana M, Morales R (2006) Ethnobotanical review of wild edible plants in Spain. Bot J Linn So 152:27–71
Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA (eds) (1964–1980) Flora Europaea, vol 1–5. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
UNESCO (2003) Text of the convention for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage. http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN&pg=00022. Accessed 25 March 2013
Verde A (2002) Estudio etnofarmacológico de tres áreas de montaña de Castilla la Mancha. PhD Thesis. Universidad de Murcia, Spain
Verde A, Fajardo J, Rivera D, Obón C (2000) Etnobotánica en el entorno del Parque Nacional de Cabañeros. Ed. Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales
Villar L, Palacín JM, Calvo C, Gómez D, Monserrat G (1992) Plantas medicinales del Pirineo Aragonés y demás tierras oscenses. Diputación Provincial de Huesca, Spain
Wilson JB, Peet RK, Dengler J, Pärtel M (2012) Plant species richness: the world records. J Veg Sci 23(4):796–802
Zhang WJ, Björn LO (2009) The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the accumulation of medicinal compounds in plants. Fitoterapia 80(4):207–218
Zidorn C (2010) Altitudinal variation of secondary metabolites in flowering heads of the Asteraceae: trends and causes. Phytochem Rev 9(2):197–203
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by David Hawksworth.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Benítez, G., Molero-Mesa, J. & González-Tejero, M.R. A model to analyse the ecology and diversity of ethnobotanical resources: case study for Granada Province, Spain. Biodivers Conserv 25, 771–789 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1092-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1092-z