Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Estimating the diversity of wood-decaying polypores in tropical lowland rain forests in Malaysia: the effect of sampling strategy

Biodiversity and Conservation volume 24, pages 393–406 (2015)Cite this article

Abstract

Unlike in temperate regions, few studies have examined the effect of sampling effort on the observed number of wood-decaying polypores in the tropics. We conducted field surveys at Pasoh Forest Reserve and Lambir Hills National Park, two primary lowland dipterocarp forests in Malaysia, to compare the numbers of observed and estimated species for each site. Field surveys included five occasions over 4 years on a 2-ha plot in Pasoh, and two occasions in 1 year in 12 0.1-ha transects in Lambir. From Pasoh, 140 polypore species were recorded and 188 species were estimated (using the Chao2 estimator). From Lambir, 90 species were recorded and 149 estimated. Thus, at both sites the number of species observed comprised <75 % of the estimated number of species. At Pasoh, more than 80 % of the total species were recorded by the end of the third sampling occasion. When sampling effort (area × number of sampling occasions) was constant, more species were recorded by field surveys conducted over larger areas with less frequent sampling than those conducted over smaller areas with more frequent sampling. The numbers of species recorded in the present work were greater than those identified in temperate and boreal regions in previous studies. The species richness of wood-decaying polypores in tropical regions may be largely underestimated without conducting field surveys on at least three occasions. If potential sampling effort is limited, surveying a larger area on fewer occasions is a reasonable compromise to ensure coverage of the majority of polypore species.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

39,95 €

Price includes VAT (Netherlands)

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

References

  • Bässler C, Müller J, Dziock F, Brandl R (2010) Effects of resource availability and climate on the diversity of wood-decaying fungi. J Ecol 98:822–832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berglund H, Edman M, Ericson L (2005) Temporal variation of wood-fungi diversity in boreal old-growth forests: implications for monitoring. Ecol Appl 15:970–982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chao A (1984) Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. Scand J Stat 11:265–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Colwell RK (2006) EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8. http://purl.oclc.org/estimates. Accessed 17 Jan 2013

  • Corner EJH (1935) The seasonal fruiting of Agarics in Malaya. Gard Bull Singap 9:79–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner EJH (1983) Ad Polyporaceas I. Amauroderma and Ganoderma. Beih Nova Hedwig 75:1–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner EJH (1987) Ad Polyporaceas IV. The genera Daedalea, Flabellophora, Flavodon, Gloeophyllum, Heteroporus, Irpex, Lenzites, Microporellus, Nigrofomes, Nigroporus, Oxyporus, Paratrichaptum, Rigidoporus, Scenidium, Trichaptum, Vanderbylia, and Steccherinum. Beih Nova Hedwig 86:1–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner EJH (1989) Ad Polyporaceas V. The genera Albatrellus, Boletopsis, Coriolopsis (dimitic), Cristelloporia, Diacanthodes, Elmerina, Fomitopsis (dimitic), Gloeoporus, Grifola, Hapalopilus, Heterobasidion, Hydnopolyporus, Ischnoderma, Loweporus, Parmastomyces, Perenniporia, Pyrofomes, Stecchericium, Trechispora, Truncospora and Tyromyces. Beih Nova Hedwig 96:1–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Corner EJH (1991) Ad Polyporaceas VII. The xanthochroic polypores. Beih Nova Hedwig 101:1–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies SJ, Noor NSM, LaFrankie JV, Ashton PS (2003) The trees of Pasoh forest: stand structure and floristic composition of the 50-ha forest research plot. In: Okuda T, Manokaran N, Matsumoto Y, Niiyama K, Thomas SC, Ashton PS (eds) Pasoh: ecology of a lowland rain forest in Southeast Asia. Springer, Tokyo, pp 35–50

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Davies SJ, Tan S, LaFrankie JV, Potts MD (2005) Soil-related floristic variation in a hyperdiverse dipterocarp forest. In: Roubik DW, Sakai S, Karim AAH (eds) Pollination ecology and the rain forest; Sarawak Studies. Springer, New York, pp 22–34

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer A, Gilbert GS (2003) Effect of tree host species on fungal community composition in a tropical rain forest in Panama. Divers Distrib 9:455–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibertoni TB, Santos PJP, Cavalcanti MAQ (2007) Ecological aspects of Aphyllophorales in the Atlantic rain forest in northeast Brazil. Fung Divers 25:49–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert GS, Sousa WP (2002) Host specialization among wood-decay polypore fungi in a Caribbean mangrove forest. Biotropica 34:396–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert GS, Ferrer A, Carranza J (2002) Polypore fungal diversity and host density in a moist tropical forest. Biodivers Conserv 11:947–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert GS, Gorospe J, Ryvarden L (2008) Host and habitat preferences of polypore fungi in Micronesian tropical flooded forests. Mycol Res 112:674–680

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson RL, Ryvarden L (1986) North American polypores, vol 1. Fungiflora, Oslo, p 433

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbertson RL, Ryvarden L (1987) North American polypores, vol 2. Fungiflora, Oslo, p 445

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjerde I, Sætersdal M, Rolstad J, Storaunet KO, Blom HH, Gundersen V, Heegaard E, Pugnaire F (2005) Productivity-diversity relationships for plants, bryophytes, lichens, and polypore fungi in six northern forest landscapes. Ecography 28:705–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guevara R, Dirzo R (1998) A rapid method for the assessment of the macromycota. The fungal community of an evergreen cloud forest as an example. Can J Bot 76:596–601

    Google Scholar 

  • Halme P, Kotiaho JS (2012) The importance of timing and number of surveys in fungal biodiversity research. Biodivers Conserv 21:205–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halme P, Kotiaho JS, Ylisirniö AL, Hottola J, Junninen K, Kouki J, Lindgren M, Mönkkönen M, Penttilä R, Renvall P, Siitonen J, Similä M (2009) Perennial polypores as indicators of annual and red-listed polypores. Ecol Indic 9:256–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori T (2000) Type studies of the polypores described by E. J. H. Corner from Asia and the West Pacific I. Mycoscience 41:339–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori T (2005) Type studies of the polypores described by E. J. H. Corner from Asia and West Pacific areas VII. Species described in Trametes (1). Mycoscience 46:303–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori T, Lee SS (2003) Community structure of wood-decaying Basidiomycetes in Pasoh. In: Okuda T, Manokaran N, Matsumoto Y, Niiyama K, Thomas SC, Ashton PS (eds) Pasoh: ecology of a lowland rain forest in Southeast Asia. Springer, Tokyo, pp 161–170

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori T, Sotome K (2013) Type studies of the polypores described by E.J.H. Corner from Asia and West Pacific areas VIII. Species described in Trametes (2). Mycoscience 54:297–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori T, Rashid NMN, Ujang S (2007) Basidiomycota: diversity of Malaysian polypores. In: Jones EBG, Hyde KD, Vikineswary S (eds) Malaysian fungal diversity. Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia, pp 55–68

  • Hattori T, Yamashita S, Lee SS (2012) Diversity and conservation of wood-inhabiting polypores and other aphyllophoraceous fungi in Malaysia. Biodivers Conserv 21:2375–2396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawksworth DL (2012) Global species numbers of fungi: are tropical studies and molecular approaches contributing to a more robust estimate? Biodivers Conserv 21:2425–2433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kato M, Inoue T, Hamid AA, Nagamitsu T, Merdek MB, Nona AR, Itino T, Yamane S, Yumoto T (1995) Seasonality and vertical structure of light-attracted insect communities in a dipterocarp forest in Sarawak. Res Popul Ecol 37:59–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kubartová A, Ottosson E, Dahlberg A, Stenlid J (2012) Patterns of fungal communities among and within decaying logs, revealed by 454 sequencing. Mol Ecol 21:4514–4532

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumagai T, Yoshifuji N, Tanaka N, Suzuki M, Kume T (2009) Comparison of soil moisture dynamics between a tropical rain forest and a tropical seasonal forest in Southeast Asia: impact of seasonal and year-to-year variations in rainfall. Water Resour Res 45:W04413

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee SS, Alias SA, Jones EGB, Zainuddin N, Chan HT (2012) Checklist of fungi of Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, p 409

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindblad I (2000) Host specificity of some wood-inhabiting fungi in a tropical forest. Mycologia 92:399–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lodge DJ, Cantrell S (1995) Fungal communities in wet tropical forests: variation in time and space. Can J Bot 73(Suppl. 1):S1391–S1398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magurran AE (2003) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell, Oxford, p 256

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattson KG, Swank WT, Waide JB (1987) Decomposition of woody debris in a regenerating, clear-cut forest in the Southern Appalachians. Can J For Res 17:712–721

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi S, Nik AR, Tani M (2003) Rainfall characteristics of tropical rainforest at Pasoh Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia. In: Okuda T, Manokaran N, Matsumoto Y, Niiyama K, Thomas SC, Ashton PS (eds) Pasoh: ecology of a lowland rain forest in Southeast Asia. Springer, Tokyo, pp 51–58

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Novotny V, Drozd P, Miller SE, Kulfan M, Janda M, Basset Y, Weiblen GD (2006) Why are there so many species of herbivorous insects in tropical rainforests? Science 313:1115–1118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda T, Suzuki M, Adachi N, Yoshida K, Niijyama K, Noor NSM, Hussein NA, Manokaran N, Hashim M (2003) Logging history and its impact on forest structure and species composition in the Pasoh Forest Reserve: implications for the sustainable management of natural resources and landscapes. In: Okuda T, Manokaran N, Matsumoto Y, Niiyama K, Thomas SC, Ashton PS (eds) Pasoh: ecology of a lowland rain forest in Southeast Asia. Springer, Tokyo, pp 15–34

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ovaskainen O, Schigel D, Ali-Kovero H, Auvinen P, Paulin L, Norden B, Norden J (2013) Combining high-throughput sequencing with fruit body surveys reveals contrasting life-history strategies in fungi. ISME J 7:1696–1709

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piepenbring M, Hofmann TA, Unterseher M, Kost G (2012) Species richness of plants and fungi in western Panama: towards a fungal inventory in the tropics. Biodivers Conserv 21:2181–2193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2013) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 21 July 2013

  • Ryvarden L, Johansen I (1980) A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa. Fungiflora, Oslo, p 636

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmit JP, Mueller GM (2007) An estimate of the lower limit of global fungal diversity. Biodivers Conserv 16:99–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Brook BW, Ng PKL (2004) Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends Ecol Evol 19:654–660

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stokland JN, Siitonen J, Jonsson BG (2012) Biodiversity in dead wood. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 509

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Unterseher M, Tal O (2006) Influence of small scale conditions on the diversity of wood decay fungi in a temperate, mixed deciduous forest canopy. Mycol Res 110:169–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore TC (1988) Tropical rain forests of the far east, 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodall CW, Liknes GC (2008) Relationships between forest fine and coarse woody debris carbon stocks across latitudinal gradients in the United States as an indicator of climate change effects. Ecol Indic 8:686–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita S, Hattori T, Momose K, Nakagawa M, Aiba M, Nakashizuka T (2008) Effects of forest use on aphyllophoraceous fungal community structure in Sarawak, Malaysia. Biotropica 40:354–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita S, Hattori T, Ohkubo T, Nakashizuka T (2009) Spatial distribution of the basidiocarps of aphyllophoraceous fungi in a tropical rainforest on Borneo Island, Malaysia. Mycol Res 113:1200–1207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita S, Hattori T, Abe S, Goto H, Sato H (2014) Effect of improvement cutting on the community structure of aphyllophoraceous fungi on Okinawa Island. J For Res 19:143–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yumoto T, Nakashizuka T (2005) The canopy biology program in Sarawak: scope, methods, and merit. In: Roubik DW, Sakai S, Karim AAH (eds) Pollination ecology and the rain forest: Sarawak Studies. Springer, New York, pp 13–21

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) with research permission and field assistance in the Pasoh Forest Reserve. We also thank L. Chong (Sarawak Forestry Corporation) and J. Kendawang (Forest Department Sarawak) for the permission to conduct research in Lambir Hills National Park. This study was funded in part by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Project D-01, the Global Environmental Research Fund (Grant No. E-1), the Japan Environment Agency, and the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S9) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan

    Satoshi Yamashita, Tsutomu Hattori & Kimiko Okabe

  2. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia

    Su See Lee

Authors
  1. Satoshi Yamashita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tsutomu Hattori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Su See Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kimiko Okabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Satoshi Yamashita.

Additional information

Communicated by Francis Brearley.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOC 347 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yamashita, S., Hattori, T., Lee, S.S. et al. Estimating the diversity of wood-decaying polypores in tropical lowland rain forests in Malaysia: the effect of sampling strategy. Biodivers Conserv 24, 393–406 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0815-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0815-2

Keywords

  • Fruiting body
  • Macrofungi
  • Sampling area
  • Sampling effort
  • Southeast Asia
  • Species richness

Search

Navigation