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Biodiversity and biogeography of the avifauna of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico

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Abstract

The Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOc) is located in the boundary between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, area which has been considered as a complex transition zone. We analysed biogeographic patterns of its resident avifauna, including species richness, endemism, and biotic regionalization by analysing presence-absence matrices of 148 species of resident-terrestrial birds. We created the species richness maps by overlapping potential distribution maps obtained for each species via species distribution models (SDMs). To depict biogeographic patterns, we used strict consensus cladograms from parsimony analyses of endemicity (PAE) and phenograms from an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic average clustering algorithm. The Pacific slope of the SMOc contains the highest species richness, decreasing towards the northeast, and reflected in endemic and endangered species richness patterns. The PAE resulted in one area of endemism represented by the whole SMOc, outlining a divided area in its Pacific slope. The cluster analyses divided the area into two. One group towards the Pacific slope, delimited by the mountain ridge and characterized by tropical vegetation types and Mexican-Mesoamerican affinities; the other group is located towards the east and northeast, characterized by arid and temperate types of vegetation and Nearctic affinities. These results evidence a transition from a tropical to a temperate composition of bird species. In this way the location for a boundary between the Nearctic and the transition zone, for birds in this part of Mexico, is restricted to these highest elevations.

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Acknowledgments

Juan J. Morrone, C. Arizmendi-Arriaga, O. R. Rojas-Soto, E. Arbeláez-Cortés, L. Ochoa-Ochoa, and two anonymous reviewers, provided useful comments to different versions of this manuscript. Financial support for this study was given by PAPIIT-DGAPA-UNAM project: IN217212-Patrones geográficos de la diversidad de aves de las zonas montañosas de Mesoamérica by an undergraduate studies scholarship to TK-V. We thank A. Gordillo-Martínez for logistical support in georreferencing localities for the “Atlas de las Aves de México” database. The curators and collection managers of the following institutions allowed access to their specimen databases: American Museum of Natural History; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota; Museum Für Naturkunde, Zentralinstitut Der Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin; Natural History Museum (Bird Group, Tring); Carnegie Museum of Natural History; California Academy of Sciences; Canadian Museum of Nature; Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates; Museo Civico Federico Craveri di Storia Naturale; Denver Museum of Natural History; Delaware Museum of Natural History; Department of Zoology, Manchester Museum; Museo de Zoología, FES-Zaragoza, UNAM; Field Museum of Natural History; Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt; Global Biodiversity Information Facility; Colección Nacional de Aves, Instituto de Biología, UNAM; Iowa State University; University of Kansas Natural History Museum; LA County Natural History Museum; Natuurhistorische Museum Leiden; Laboratorio Natural Las Joyas, Universidad de Guadalajara; Louisiana State University Museum of Zoology; Museo de las Aves de México; Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale di Milano; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; Museum D’historie Naturelle de la Ville de Geneve; Moore Laboratory of Zoology, Occidental College; Museum Michigan State University; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Madrid; Museum Nationale D’histoire Naturelle Paris; Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley; Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM; University of Nebraska; Naturhistorische Museum Wien; Red Mexicana de Información Sobre Biodiversidad; Royal Ontario Museum; San Diego Natural History Museum; Sistema Nacional de Información Sobre Biodiversidad (CONABIO); Zoological Institute and Museum, Russian Academy of Sciences; Staatliche Museen Fur Naturkunde Stuttgart; Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collections; University of Arizona; University of British Columbia Museum of Zoology; University of California LA; Florida Museum of Natural History; University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology; University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge; University of Oklahoma; Barrick Museum, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; North American Breeding Bird Survey, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; US National Museum of Natural History; Burke Museum, University of Washington; Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology; and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University.

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  1. Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70-399, 04510, Mexico DF, Mexico

    Tania Kobelkowsky-Vidrio, César A. Ríos-Muñoz & Adolfo G. Navarro-Sigüenza

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  1. Tania Kobelkowsky-Vidrio
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Kobelkowsky-Vidrio, T., Ríos-Muñoz, C.A. & Navarro-Sigüenza, A.G. Biodiversity and biogeography of the avifauna of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. Biodivers Conserv 23, 2087–2105 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0706-6

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