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Identifying and prioritising services in European terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems

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Abstract

Ecosystems are multifunctional and provide humanity with a broad array of vital services. Effective management of services requires an improved evidence base, identifying the role of ecosystems in delivering multiple services, which can assist policy-makers in maintaining them. Here, information from the literature and scientific experts was used to systematically document the importance of services and identify trends in their use and status over time for the main terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in Europe. The results from this review show that intensively managed ecosystems contribute mostly to vital provisioning services (e.g. agro-ecosystems provide food via crops and livestock, and forests provide wood), while semi-natural ecosystems (e.g. grasslands and mountains) are key contributors of genetic resources and cultural services (e.g. aesthetic values and sense of place). The most recent European trends in human use of services show increases in demand for crops from agro-ecosystems, timber from forests, water flow regulation from rivers, wetlands and mountains, and recreation and ecotourism in most ecosystems, but decreases in livestock production, freshwater capture fisheries, wild foods and virtually all services associated with ecosystems which have considerably decreased in area (e.g. semi-natural grasslands). The condition of the majority of services show either a degraded or mixed status across Europe with the exception of recent enhancements in timber production in forests and mountains, freshwater provision, water/erosion/natural hazard regulation and recreation/ecotourism in mountains, and climate regulation in forests. Key gaps in knowledge were evident for certain services across all ecosystems, including the provision of biochemicals and natural medicines, genetic resources and the regulating services of seed dispersal, pest/disease regulation and invasion resistance.

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Notes

  1. Europe is defined as the 27 countries of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the RUBICODE Coordination Action Project (Rationalising Biodiversity Conservation in Dynamic Ecosystems; www.rubicode.net) funded under the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission (Contract No. 036890). RUBICODE is an endorsed project of the Global Land Project of the IGBP. Josef Settele was also supported by the Integrated Project ALARM (Assessing Large-scale Environmental Risks for Biodiversity with Tested Methods; www.alarmproject.net) funded under the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission (Contract No. 506675). Mari Moora and Martin Zobel were supported by the Centre of Excellence FIBIR. The authors are grateful to Sandra Díaz for constructive comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript and would like to thank all RUBICODE partners for their contributions to many productive discussions related to the content of this paper. The authors are also grateful to all scientific experts who participated in the Helsingborg workshop and RUBICODE e-conference and kindly offered their valuable input.

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  1. Francesco de Bello

    Present address: Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK

    Paula A. Harrison & Pam M. Berry

  2. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden

    Marie Vandewalle & Martin T. Sykes

  3. Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands

    Rob Bugter & Rob H. G. Jongman

  4. Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France

    Francesco de Bello

  5. Department of Applied Zoology/Hydrobiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117, Essen, Germany

    Christian K. Feld

  6. Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    Ulf Grandin

  7. Department of Plant and Invertebrate Ecology, Centre for Bioenergy and Climate Change, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK

    Richard Harrington

  8. Division of Zoology and Functional Anatomy, Department of Organismal Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria

    John R. Haslett

  9. Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, 2640, Australia

    Gary W. Luck

  10. Department of Life Sciences, IMAR—Marine and Environment Research Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal

    Pedro Martins da Silva & J. Paulo Sousa

  11. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai St. 40, 51005, Tartu, Estonia

    Mari Moora & Martin Zobel

  12. Department of Community Ecology, UFZ—Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany

    Josef Settele

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Harrison, P.A., Vandewalle, M., Sykes, M.T. et al. Identifying and prioritising services in European terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Biodivers Conserv 19, 2791–2821 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9789-x

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