Abstract
Peacock basses (genus Cichla) are Amazonian piscivorous fish that have been widely introduced into freshwater systems and caused great ecological impacts. Our goal was to assess the worldwide distribution of Cichla ocellaris and C. kelberi to delineate their niche and predict the most suitable areas for their invasion using data available in the scientific literature. We combined ecological niche models to identify hotspots of environmental suitability and invasion risk worldwide, in addition to niche similarity analysis in the geographic space, principal component analysis in the environmental space, and bias metric to assess niche changes between native and non-native ranges. We found 373 records (88 native and 285 non-native populations) for the occurrence of C. kelberi and C. ocellaris in several ecoregions around the world. Native populations were restricted to Amazonian and Tocantins-Araguaia ecoregions. Suitable areas for both species were concentrated within the tropical climatic zone. Amid the top 10 ecoregions more suitable for their occurrence there are four in Africa, one in Asia and also one in Brazil. The Upper Parana ecoregion deserves special highlight due to its prevalence in the number of non-native records and also of suitable areas for new invasions. There was a great increase in the Extent of Occurrence of non-native occurrences compared to native records. We found a moderate niche overlap in the geographical space and a high overlap in the environmental space between native and non-native ranges for both species, suggesting niche conservatism, but with some dissimilarity, higher for C. ocellaris.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Abell R, Thieme ML, Revenga C et al (2008) Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 58(5):403. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580507
Agostinho AA, Gomes LC, Latini JD (2004) Fisheries management in Brazilian reservoirs: lessons from/for South America. Interciencia 29(6):1–9
Agostinho AA, Gomes LC, Pelicice FM (2007) Ecologia e manejo de recursos pesqueiros em reservatórios do Brasil. Eduem.
Allouche O, Tsoar A, Kadmon R (2006) Assessing the accuracy of species distribution models: prevalence, Kappa and the True Skill Statistic (TSS). J App Ecol 43(6):1223–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01214.x
Almeida-Ferreira G, Oliveira A, Prioli A, Prioli S (2011) Spar genetic analysis of two invasive species of Cichla (Tucunaré) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in the Paraná river basin. Acta Scientiarum, Biol Sci 33:79–85. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v33i1.4855
Araújo MB, New M (2007) Ensemble forecasting of species distributions. Trends Ecol Evol 22(1):42–47
Araujo FG, Santos LN (2001) Distribuição da associação de peixes no Reservatório de Lajes. RJ Braz J Biol 61(4):563–576
Azevedo-Santos VM, Pelicice FM, Lima-Junior DP, Magalhães ALB, Orsi ML, Vitule JRS, Agostinho AA (2015) How to avoid fish introductions in Brazil: education and information as alternatives. Nat Conserv 13(2):123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2015.06.002
Barbet-Massin M, Jiguet F, Albert CH, Thuiller W (2012) Selecting pseudo-absences for species distribution models: how, where and how many? Methods Ecol Evol 3(2):327–338
Barbet-Massin M, Rome Q, Villemant C, Courchamp F (2018) Can species distribution models really predict the expansion of invasive species? PLoS ONE 13(3):e0193085. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193085
Bellard C, Thuiller W, Leroy B, Genovesi P, Bakkenes M, Courchamp F (2013) Will climate change promote future invasions? Glob Chang Biol 19:3740–3748
Bradie J, Leung B (2017) A quantitative synthesis of the importance of variables used in MaxEnt species distribution models. J Biogeogr 44(6):1344–1361
Brazil (1998a) Decreto Nº 2519, de 16 de março de 1998a. Available at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/d2519.htm
Brazil (1998b) Lei Federal Nº 9605, de 12 de fevereiro de 1998b. Available at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9605.htm
Broennimann O, Guisan A (2008) Predicting current and future biological invasions: both native and invaded ranges matter. Biol Lett 4:585–589. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0254
Brook BW, Sodhi NS, Bradshaw CJA (2008) Synergies among extinction drivers under global change. Trends Ecol Evol 23:453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.011
Capinha C, Rocha J, Sousa CA (2014) Macroclimate deter-mines the global range limit of Aedes aegypti. EcoHealth 11(3):420–428
Cassemiro FAS, Bailly D, Graça WJ, Agostinho AA (2018) The invasive potential of tilapias (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae) in the Americas. Hydrobiologia 817(1):133–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3471-1
Catelani PA, Petry AC, Pelicice FM, García-Berthou E (2021) When a freshwater invader meets the estuary: the peacock bass and fish assemblages in the São João River, Brazil. Biol Inv 23:167–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02363-w
Clavero M, García-Berthou E (2005) Invasive species are a leading cause of animal extinctions. Trends Ecol Evol 20(3):110–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.01.003
CONABIO (2018) PORTARIA Nº 3, DE 16 DE AGOSTO DE 2018. Available at https://www.in.gov.br/materia/-/asset_publisher/Kujrw0TZC2Mb/content/id/37213373/do1-2018-08-17-portaria-n-3-de-16-de-agosto-de-2018-37213106
Cucherousset J, Olden JD (2011) Ecological Impacts of Nonnative Freshwater Fishes. Fisheries 36(5):215–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2011.574578
Darwall WRT, Freyhof J (2016) Lost fishes, who is counting? The extent of the threat to freshwater fish biodiversity. In: Closs GP, Krkosek M, Olden JD (eds) Conservation of Freshwater Fishes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 1–32
Davis MA, Grime JP, Thompson K (2000) Fluctuating resources in plant communities: A general theory of invasibility. J Ecol 88:528–534. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00473.x
De Marco P, Nóbrega CC (2018) Evaluating collinearity effects on species distribution models: An approach based on virtual species simulation. PLoS ONE 13(9):e0202403. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202403
Diamante NA, Oliveira AV, Petry AC, Catelani PA, Pelicice FM, Mueller LP, Prioli SMAP, Prioli AJ (2021) Genomic markers confirm introgressive hybridization in Cichla (Teleostei) in an invaded coastal system. Int Rev Hydrobiol 106:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.201902030
Dick JTA, Gallagher K, Avlijas S, Clarke HC, Lewis SE, Leung S, Minchin D, Caffrey J, Alexander ME, Maguire C, Harrod C, Reid N, Haddaway NR, Farnsworth KD, Penk M, Ricciardi A (2013) Ecological impacts of an invasive predator explained and predicted by comparative functional responses. Biol Inv 15(4):837–846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0332-8
Dupin M, Reynaud P, Jarošík V, Baker R, Brunel S, Eyre D et al (2011) Effects of the training dataset characteristics on the performance of nine species distribution models: application to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. PLoS ONE 6(6):e20957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020957
Early R, Sax DF (2014) Climatic niche shifts between species’ native and naturalized ranges raise concern for ecological forecasts during invasions and climate change. Global Ecol Biogeogr 23:1356–1365
Elith J, Kearney M, Phillips S (2010) The art of modelling range-shifting species. Methods Ecol Evol 1:330–342
Enders M, Havemann F, Ruland F, Jeschke JM (2020) A conceptual map of invasion biology: Integrating hypotheses into a consensus network. Global Ecol Biogeogr 29:978–991. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13082
Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) (2018) ArcMap/ArcGIS Desktop version 10.5. ESRI, Redland, USA.
Espínola LA, Minte-Vera CV (2006) Júlio HF (2010) Invasibility of reservoirs in the Paraná Basin, Brazil, to Cichla kelberi Kullander and Ferreira. Biol Inv 12(6):1873–1888. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-009-9598-x
Espínola LA, Minte-Vera CV, Júnio-Junior HF, Santos LN, Winemiller KO (2015) Evaluation of factors associated with dynamics of Cichla ocellaris invasion of the Upper Parana River floodplain system. Brazil Mar Freshwater Res 66(1973):33–40
Fick SE, Hijmans RJ (2017) WorldClim 2: new 1km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 37(12):4302–4315
Fielding AH, Bell JF (1997) A review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence/absence models. Environ Conserv 24(1):38–49
Franco ACS, Santos LN, Petry AC, García-Berthou E (2018) Abundance of invasive peacock bass increases with water residence time of reservoirs in southeastern Brazil. Hydrobiol 817(1):155–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3467-x
Franco ACS, García-Berthou E, Santos LN (2021) Ecological impacts of an invasive top predator fish across South America. Sci Total Envir 761:43296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.14329
Franco ACS, Petry AC, Tavares MR, Guimarães TFR, Santos LN (2022) Global distribution of the South American peacock basses Cichla spp. follows human interference. Fish Fish. Htpps://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12624
Franklin J (2010) Mapping Species: Spatial inference and prediction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p 340
Gallien L, Douzet R, Pratte S, Zimmermann NE, Thuiller W (2012) Invasive species distribution models –how violating the equilibrium assumption can create new insights. Global Ecol Biogeogr 21:1126–1136
Guisan A, Petitpierre B, Broennimann O, Daehler C, Kueffer C (2014) Unifying niche shift studies: insights from biological invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 29:260–269
Hahn L, English K, Carosfeld J, Silva LGM, Latini JD, Agostinho AA, Fernandez DRF (2007) Preliminary study on the application of radio-telemetry techniques to evaluate movements of fish in the Lateral Canal at Itaipu Dam. Brazil Neotrop Ichthyol 5(2):103–108
Hao T, Elith J, Guillera-Arroita G, Lahoz-Monfort JJ (2019) A review of evidence about use and performance of species distribution modelling ensembles like BIOMOD. Div Distrib 25(5):839–852. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12892
Herrando-Moraira S, Nualart N, Herrando-Moraira A, Chung MY, Chung MG, López-Pujol J (2019) Climatic niche characteristics of native and invasive Lilium lancifolium. Sci Rep 9:14334. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50762-4
Hijmans RJ, Phillips S, Leathwick J, Elith, J (2016) dismo: Species Distribution Modeling. R package version 1.1–4. R package version 1.1–4.
Hill MP, Gallardo B, Terblanche JS (2017) A global assessment of climatic niche shifts and human influence in insect invasions. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 26:679–689
Janžekovič F, Novak T (2012) PCA – A Powerful Method for Analyze Ecological Niches. In: Sanguansat P (ed) Principal Component Analysis - multidisciplinary Applications. pp.127–142.
Jiménez-Valverde A, Peterson AT, Soberón J, Overton JM, Aragón P, Lobo JM (2011) Use of niche models in invasive species risk assessments. Biol Inv 13:2785–2797
Johnson PTJ, Olden JD, Vander Zanden MJ (2008) Dam invaders: Impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters. Frontiers Ecol Env 6:357–363. https://doi.org/10.1890/070156
Joppa LN, Butchart SHM, Hoffmann M, Bachman SP, Akçakaya HR, Moat JF, Böhm M, Holland RA, Newton A, Polidoro B, Hughes A (2016) Impact of alternative metrics on estimates of extent of occurrence for extinction risk assessment. Conserv Biol 30:362–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12591
Kolanowska M, Konowalik K (2014) Niche conservatism and future changes in the potential area coverage of Arundina graminifolia, an invasive orchid species from southeast Asia. Biotropica 46(2):157165. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12089
Kullander SO, Ferreira EJG (2006) A review of South American cichlid genus Cichla, with descriptions of nine new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Ichthyol Explor Freshwat 17:289–398
Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33(1):159–174
Latini AO, Petrere M (2004) Reduction of a native fish fauna by alien species: an example from Brazilian freshwater tropical lakes. Fish Manag Ecol 11(2):71–79
Lauzeral C, Leprieur F, Beauchard O, Duron Q, Oberdorff T, Brosse S (2011) Identifying climatic niche shifts using coarse-grained occurrence data: A test with non-native freshwater fish. Global Ecol Biogeogr 20(3):407–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00611.x
Lehner B, Grill G (2013) Global river hydrography and network routing: baseline data and new approaches to study the world’s large river systems. Hydrol Processes 27(15):2171–2186
Lévêque C (1995) Role and consequences of fish diversity in the functioning of African freshwater ecosystems: a review. Aq Liv Res 8:59–75
Liew JH, Tan HH, Yeo DCJ (2016) Dammed rivers: impoundments facilitate fish invasions. Fresh Biol 61(9):1421–1429. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12781
Lima LB, Oliveira FJM, Giacomini HC, Lima-Junior DP (2016) Expansion of aquaculture parks and the increasing risk of non-native species invasions in Brazil. Rev Aquac 10:111–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12150
Liu C, White M, Newell G (2013) Selecting thresholds for the prediction of species occurrence with presenceonly data. J Biogeogr 40(4):778–789
Liu C, Wolter C, Xian W, Jeschke JM (2020a) Most invasive species largely conserve their climatic niche. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 117:23643–23651
Liu C, Wolter C, Xian W, Jeschke JM (2020b) Species distribution models have limited spatial transferability for invasive species. Ecol Lett 23:1682–1692
Manzoor SA, Grffiths G, Obiakara MC, Esparza-Estrada CE, Lukac M (2020) Evidence of ecological niche shift in Rhododendron ponticum (L.) in Britain: Hybridization as a possible cause of rapid niche expansion. Ecol Evol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6036
Marques ACPB, Franco ACS, Salgueiro F, García-Berthou E, Santos LN (2016) Genetic divergence among invasive and native populations of the yellow peacock cichlid Cichla kelberi. J Fish Biol 89(6):2595–2606. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13144
Menezes RF, Attayde JL, Lacerot G, Kosten S, Coimbra e Souza L, Costa LS, Van Nes EH, Jeppesen E (2012) Lower biodiversity of native fish but only marginally altered plankton biomass in tropical lakes hosting introduced piscivorous Cichla cf. ocellaris. Biol Inv 14(7):1353–1363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-011-0159-8
Naimi B, Araújo MB (2016) sdm: a reproducible and extensible R platform for species distribution modelling. Ecography 39(4):368–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01881
Pearman PB, Guisan A, Broennimann O, Randin CF (2008) Niche dynamics in space and time. Trends Ecol Evol 23:149–158
Pelicice FM, Agostinho AA (2009) Fish fauna destruction after the introduction of a non-native predator (Cichla kelberi) in a Neotropical reservoir. Biol Inv 11(8):1789–1801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-008-9358-3
Pelicice FM, Latini JD, Agostinho AA (2015) Fish fauna disassembly after the introduction of a voracious predator: main drivers and the role of the invader’s demography. Hydrobiol 746(1):271–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1911-8
Pelicice FM, Agostinho AA, Zuanon J (2021) Large-scale degradation of the Tocantins-Araguaia river basin. Env Manag 68:445–452
Pereira FW, Vitule JRS (2019) The largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802): impacts of a powerful freshwater fish predator outside of its native range. Rev Fish Biol Fish 29(3):639–652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-019-09570-2
Pereira LS, Agostinho AA, Gomes LC (2015) Eating the competitor: a mechanism of invasion. Hydrobiol 746(1):223–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2031-1
Peterson AT (2011) Ecological niche conservatism: A time-structured review of evidence. J Biogeogr 38:817–827
Petitpierre B, Kueffer C, Broennimann O, Randin C, Daehler C, Guisan A (2012) Climatic Niche shifts are rare among terrestrial plant invaders. Science 335(6074):1344–1348. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215933
Pinto-Coelho RM, Bezerra-Neto JF, Miranda F, Mota TG et al (2008) The inverted trophic cascade in tropical plankton communities: impacts of exotic fish in the Middle Rio Doce lake district, Minas Gerais. Brazil Braz J Biol 68(684):1025–1037
Pyšek P, Hulme PE, Simberloff D, Bacher S, Blackburn TM, Carlton JT, Dawson W, Essl F, Foxcroft LC, Genovesi P, Jeschke JM, Kühn I, Liebhold AM, Mandrak NE, Meyerson LA, Pauchard A, Pergl J, Roy HE, Seebens H, Kleunen M, Vilà M, Wingfield MJ, Richardson DM (2020) Scientists’ warning on invasive alien species. Biol Re 95(6):1511–1534. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12627
Qiao HJ, Soberón J, Peterson AT (2015) No silver bullets in correlative ecological niche modelling: insights from testing among many potential algorithms for niche estimation. Methods Ecol Evol 6:1126–1136
R Core Team (2019) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at http://www.r-project.org/index.html
Rahel FJ (2000) Homogenization of fish faunas across the United States. Science 288(5467):854–856. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5467.854
Ricciardi A (2007) Are modern biological invasions an unprecedented form of global change? Conserv Bio 21(2):329–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00615.x
Ricciardi A, Iacarella JC, Aldridge DC, Wardle DA (2021) Four priority areas to advance invasion science in the face of rapid environmental change. Environ Rev 29:1–23
Sales LP, Ribeiro BR, Hayward MW, Paglia A, Passamani M, Loyola R (2017) Niche conservatism and the invasive potential of the wild boar. J Animal Ecol 86(5):1214–1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12721
Salo P, Korpimäki E, Banks PB, Nordström M, Dickman CR (2007) Alien predators are more dangerous than native predators to prey populations. Proc R Soc b: Biol Sci 274(1615):1237–1243. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0444
Santos LN, Gonzales AF, Araújo FG (2001) Dieta do tucunaré-amarelo Cichla monoculus (Bloch and Schneider) (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae), no reservatório de Lajes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Bras Zool 18:191–204
Santos LN, Franco ACS, Marques A, Nóbrega F, Salgueiro F (2016a) Molecular analysis confirms the introduction of a second species of yellow peacock cichlid Cichla monoculus Spix & Agassiz 1831 (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) in the Southeast Atlantic Hydrographic province. Brazil Bioinv Rec 5(4):277–284. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2016.5.4.13
Santos LN, Salgueiro F, Franco ACS, Marques A, Nóbrega F (2016b) First record of the invasive blue peacock cichlid Cichla piquiti Kullander and Ferreira 2006 (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) in the Paraíba do Sul river basin, south eastern Brazil. BioInv Rec 5(4):267–275. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2016.5.4.13
Santos LN, Agostinho AA, Santos AFGN, García-Berthou E (2019) Reconciliation ecology in Neotropical reservoirs: can fishing help to mitigate the impacts of invasive fishes on native populations? Hydrobiol 826(1):183–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3728-3
Shafland PL (1996) Reviews in fisheries science exotic fishes of Florida — 1994. Rev Fish Sci 4:101–122
Sharpe DMT, De León LF, González R, Torchin ME (2017) Tropical fish community does not recover 45 years after predator introduction. Ecol 98(2):412–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1648
Sih A, Bolnick DI, Luttbeg B, Orrock JL, Peacor SD, Pintor LM, Preisser E, Rehage JS, Vonesh JR (2010) Predator-prey naïveté, antipredator behavior, and the ecology of predator invasions. Oikos 119(4):610–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18039.x
Strubbe D, Broennimann O, Chiron F, Matthysen E (2013) Niche conservatism in non-native birds in Europe: Niche unfilling rather than niche expansion. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 22:962–970
Swets JA (1988) Measuring the Accuracy of Diagnostic Systems. Science 240:1285–1293. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3287615
Tingley R, Vallinoto M, Sequeira F, Kearney MR (2014) Realized niche shift during a global biological invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:10233–10238
Vasconcelos LP, Alves DC, Agostinho AA et al (2021) Fish eggs and larvae drifting through hydropower reservoirs: a case study in the Brazilian Amazon. Hydrobiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04631-9
Vitule J (2009) Introdução de peixes em ecossistemas continentais brasileiros: revisão, comentários e sugestões de ações contra o inimigo quase invisível. Neotrop Biol Conserv 4(2):111–122. https://doi.org/10.4013/nbc.2009.42.07
Vitule JRS, Freire CA, Simberloff D (2009) Introduction of non-native freshwater fish can certainly be bad. Fish Fish 10(1):98–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00312.x
Walther GR, Roques A, Hulme PE, Settele J (2009) Alien species in a warmer world: risks and opportunities. Trends Ecol Evol 24:686–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.06.008
Wang B, Wenzhong S, Zelang M (2015) Confidence analysis of standard deviational ellipse and its extension into higher dimensional Euclidean space. PLoS ONE 10(3):e0118537
Warren DL, Glor RE, Turelli M, Funk D (2008) Environmental niche equivalency versus conservatism: Quantitative approaches to niche evolution. Evolution 62:2868–2883
Winemiller KO (2001) Ecology of peacock cichlids (Cichla spp.) in Venezuela. J Aquaricult Aquat Sci 9:93–112
Winemiller KO, Winemiller LCK, Montaña CG (2021) Peacock bass: Diversity. London, Academic Press, Ecology and Conservation, p 305
Zaret TM, Paine RT (1973) Species introduction in a tropical lake. Science 182:449–455
Zengeya TA, Robertson MP, Booth AJ, Chimimba CT (2013) Ecological niche modeling of the invasive potential of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in African river systems: Concerns and implications for the conservation of indigenous congenerics. Biol Inv 15:1507–1521
Acknowledgements
We thank the Graduate Courses in Neotropical Biodiversity (PPGBIO-UNIRIO). We also thank RL Macêdo for insightful contributions. This study was funded in part by the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (postdoctoral fellowship to ACSF, E-26/202.423/2019; and research grant to LNS, E-26/202.755/2018), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Code 001 (master fellowship to EMCM—PPGBIO/UNIRIO/2018; postdoctoral fellowship to MSLF, PNPD-PPGBIO/UNIRIO/1808844/2018), and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil (research grant to LNS, ref. 314379/2018-5; and support to MLL, PELD-MCF—PELD/CNPq proc. 441589/2016-2). National Institutes for Science and Technology in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation (INCT—EECBio) (support to MLL, MCTIC/CNpq—proc. 465610/2014-5 and FAPEG—proc. 201810267000023).
Funding
This study was funded in part by Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (postdoctoral fellowship to ACSF, E-26/202.423/2019; and research grant to LNS, E-26/202.755/2018), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Code 001 (master fellowship to EMCM—PPGBIO/UNIRIO/2018; and postdoctoral fellowship to MSLF, PNPD-PPGBIO/UNIRIO/1808844/2018), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (support to MLL, PELD-MCF—PELD/CNPq proc. 441589/2016–2; research grant to LNS, ref. 314379/2018–5), National Institutes for Science and Technology in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation (INCT-EECBio) (support to MLL, MCTIC/CNpq—proc. 465610/2014–5 and FAPEG—proc. 201810267000023).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
ACSF, MLL, and LNS contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation was performed by ACSF and MLL. Data analysis was performed by MLL, EMCM, and MSLF. The first draft of the manuscript was written by ACSF and MLL. MSLF and LNS commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All the authors agree with its contents.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Availability of data and material
The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Franco, A.C.S., Lorini, M.L., Minsky, E.M.C. et al. Far beyond the Amazon: global distribution, environmental suitability, and invasive potential of the two most introduced peacock bass. Biol Invasions 24, 2851–2872 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02814-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02814-6