Abstract
Within many populations, some individuals may be more apt to move, and these individuals can substantially impact population dynamics. Invasive Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) have spread throughout much of the Mississippi River Basin, and their presence has resulted in multiple negative ecosystem effects. Silver Carp are known to move hundreds of km, which has likely contributed to their rapid spread. Our study examined movement patterns and environmental cues for movement in Silver Carp based on acoustic telemetry of tagged fish that ranged widely (i.e., mobile) and those that did not range far from the site of their original capture and tagging (i.e., sedentary) in the Wabash River, USA. Sedentary and mobile designations were made based on observed extremes of mean annual ranges, and these designations were consistent within seasons and among years. Both movement groups displayed seasonal variation in movements, with mobile Silver Carp consistently moving greater distances within each season and sedentary Silver Carp exhibiting lower variability in distances moved than mobile individuals. Discharge (change in discharge) and temperature were significant predictors of mobile and sedentary individuals’ movements. Additional environmental variables (i.e., cumulative growing degree day, day of year, and change in temperature) also related to movement likelihood of sedentary individuals, whereas total length was the only additional variable that influenced movement likelihood of mobile individuals. Total length was significantly related to movement distance for both groups of Silver Carp, but the relationship was negative for sedentary fish and positive for mobile fish. Results point to differences in behavior that may require targeted management strategies to achieve agency goals to interrupt mobile individual movements that can result in range expansion. Such strategies may also limit introductions and invasions by other aquatic invasive species that exhibit similar behaviors.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Movement data analyzed during the current study are available in Supplementary File 2. Environmental data is publicly available, and sources are mentioned in the text.
References
Abdusamadov AS (1987) Biology of white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), and bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), acclimatized in the Terek Region of the Caspian Basin. J Ichthyol 26:41–49
Abeln J (2018) Environmental drivers of habitat use by bigheaded carps to inform harvest in the Starved Rock Pool of the Illinois River. M.S. thesis, Southern Illinois University—Carbondale
Alldredge P, Gutierrez M, Duvernell D, Schaefer J, Brunkow P, Matamoros W (2011) Variability in movement dynamics of topminnow (Fundulus notatus and F. olivaceus) populations. Ecol Freshw Fish 20:513–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2011.00499.x
Barton K (2018) MuMIn: multi-model inference. R package version 1.42.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn
Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67:1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Bénichou O, Calvez V, Meunier N, Voituriez R (2012) Front acceleration by dynamic selection in Fisher population waves. Phys Rev E 86:041908. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.86.041908
Berthouly-Salazar C, Hui C, Blackburn TM, Gaboriaud C, van Rensberg BJ, van Vuuren BJ, Le Rous JJ (2013) Long-distance dispersal maximizes evolutionary potential during rapid geographic range expansion. Mol Ecol 22:5793–5804. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12538
Bonte D, Dahriel M (2016) Dispersal: a central and independent trait in life history. Oikos 126:472–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.03801
Bonte D, De Roissart A, Wybouw N, Van Leeuwen T (2014) Fitness maximization by dispersal: evidence from an invasion experiment. Ecology 95:3104–3111. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-2269.1
Chapple DG, Simmonds SM, Wong BBM (2012) Can behavioral and personality traits influence the success of unintentional species introductions? Trends Ecol Evol 27:57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.010
Chen C, Burton M, Greenberger E, Dmitrieva J (1999) Population migration and the variation of Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) allele frequencies around the globe. Evol Hum Behav 20:309–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00015-X
Chezik KA, Lester NP, Venturelli PA (2014) Fish growth and degree-days I: selecting a base temperature for a within population study. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 71:47–55
Clapp DF, Clark RD Jr, Diana JS (1990) Range, activity, and habitat of large, free-ranging brown trout in a Michigan stream. Trans Am Fish Soc 119:1022–1034. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119%3c1022:RAAHOL%3e2.3.CO;2
Clobert J, Le Galliard J, Cote J, Meylan S, Massot M (2009) Informed dispersal, heterogeneity in animal dispersal syndromes and the dynamics of spatially structured populations. Ecol Lett 12:197–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01267.x
Cote J, Fogarty S, Weinersmith K, Brodin T, Sih A (2010) Personality traits and dispersal tendency in the invasive mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Proc R Soc B 277:1571–1579. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2128
Coulter AA, Keller D, Amberg JJ, Bailey EJ, Goforth RR (2013) Phenotypic plasticiaty in the spawning traits of bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in novel ecosystems. Freshw Biol 58:1029–1037. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12106
Coulter AA, Bailey EJ, Keller D, Goforth RR (2016a) Invasive Silver Carp movement patterns in the predominantly free-flowing Wabash River (Indiana, USA). Biol Invasions 18:471–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-1020-2
Coulter AA, Keller D, Bailey EJ, Goforth RR (2016b) Predictors of bigheaded carp drifting egg density and spawning activity in an invaded, free-flowing river. J Gt Lakes Res 42:83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.10.009
Coulter AA, Schultz D, Tristano E, Brey MK, Garvey JE (2017) Restoration versus invasive species: bigheaded carps’ use of a rehabilitated backwater. River Res Appl 33:662–669. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3122
Coulter DP, MacNamara R, Glover DC, Garvey JE (2018) Possible unintended effects of management at an invasion front: reduced prevalence corresponds with high condition of invasive bigheaded carps. Biol Conserv 221:118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.020
Coulter AA, Brey MK, Lamer JT, Whitledge GW, Garvey JE (2020) Early generation hybrids may drive range expansion of two invasive fishes. Freshw Biol 65:716–730. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13461
Coulter AA (2015) Biology and ecology of bigheaded carps in an invaded ecosystem. Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University
Crook DA (2004) Is the home range concept compatible with the movements of two species of lowland river fish? J Anim Ecol 73:353–366
Crookes S, Heer T, Castañeda RA, Mandrak NE, Heath DD, Weyl OLE, MacIsaac HJ, Foxcroft LC (2020) Monitoring the silver carp invasion in Africa: a case study using environmental DNA (eDNA) in dangerous watersheds. NeoBiota 56:31–47. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.56.47475
DeGrandchamp KL, Garvey JE, Colombo RE (2008) Movement and habitat selection by invasive Asian carps in a large river. Trans Am Fish Soc 137:45–56. https://doi.org/10.1577/T06-116.1
Dewey MR (1981) Seasonal abundance, movement and diversity of fishes in an Ozark stream. J Ark Acad Sci 35:33–39
Driscoll DA, Banks SC, Barton PS, Ikin K, Lentini P, Lindenmayer DB, Smith AL, Berry LE, Burns EL, Edworthy A, Evans MJ, Gibson R, Heinsohn R, Howland B, Kay G, Munro N, Scheele BC, Stirnemann I, Stojanovic D, Sweaney N, Villaseñor NR, Westgate MJ (2014) The trajectory of dispersal research in conservation biology. Systematic review. PLoS ONE 9:e95053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095053
Fobert EK, Treml EA, Swearer SE (2019) Dispersal and population connectivity are phenotype dependent in a marine metapopulation. Proc R Soc B 286:20191104. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1104
Funk JL (1955) Movement of stream fishes in Missouri. Trans Am Fish Soc 85:39–57
Groen M, Sopinka NM, Marentette JR, Reddon AR, Brownscombe JW, Fox MG, Marsh-Rollo SE, Balshine S (2012) Is there a role for aggression in round goby invasion fronts? Behaviour 149:685–703
Gu H, Hughes J, Dorn S (2006) Trade-off between mobility and fitness in Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricadae). Ecol Entomol 31:68–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2006.00761.x
Hobbs RJ, Valentine LE, Standish RJ, Jackson ST (2017) Movers and stayers: novel assemblages in changing environments. Trends Ecol Evol 33:116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.11.001
Huveneers C, Simpfendorder CA, Kim S, Semmens JM, Hobday AJ, Pederson H, Stieglitz T, Vallee R, Webber D, Heupel MR, Peddemors V, Harcourt RG (2015) The influence of environmental parameters on the performance of detection range of acoustic receivers. Methods Ecol Evol 7:825–835. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12520
Irons KS, Sass GG, McClelland MA, Stafford JD (2007) Reduced condition factor of two native fish species coincident with the invasion of non-native Asian carps in the Illinois River, U.S.A. Is this evidence for competition and reduced fitness? J Fish Biol 71:258–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01670.x
Juette T, Cucherousset J, Cote J (2014) Animal personality and the ecological impacts of freshwater non-native species. Curr Zool 60:417–427. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.3.417
Kocovsky PM, Chapman DC, McKenna JE (2012) Thermal and hydrologic suitability for Lake Erie and its major tributaries for spawning of Asian carps. J Gt Lakes Res 38:159–166
Kolar CS, Lodge DM (2001) Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. Trends Ecol Evol 16:199–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02101-2
Kolar CS, Chapman DC, Courtenay WR, Housel CM, Williams JD, Jennings DP (2007) Bigheaded carps: a biological synopsis and environmental risk assessment, vol 33. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, Bethesda
Lamer JT, Ruebush BC, Arbieva ZH, McClelland MA, Epifanio JM, Sass GG (2015) Diagnostics SNPs reveal widespread introgressive hybridization between introduced bighead and silver carp in the Mississippi River Basin. Mol Ecol 24:3931–3943. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13285
Lowe WH, McPeek MA (2014) Is dispersal neutral? Trends Ecol Evol 29:444–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.05.009
Matsuzawa Y, Senou H (2008) Alien fishes of Japan. Bun-ichi Co. Ltd, Tokyo, p 160
Molnár T, Lehoczky I, Meleg EE, Boros G, Specziár A, Mozsár A, Vitál Z, Józsa V, Allele W, Urbányi B, Fatle FAA, Kovács B (2021) Comparison of the genetic structure of invasive bigheaded carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp) populations in Central-European lacustrine and riverine habitats. Animals 11:2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072018
Morrissey MB, Ferguson MM (2011) Individuals variation in movement through the life cycle of a stream-dwelling salmonid fish. Mol Ecol 20:253–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04921.x
Mossop KD, Moran NP, Chapple DG, Wong BBM (2017) Connectivity and habitat type shape divergent dispersal behavior in a desert-dwelling fish. Landsc Ecol 32:1065–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-017-0509-8
Moyle PB (1986) Fish Introduction in to North America: patterns and ecological impact. In: Mooney HA, Drake JA (eds) Ecological and biological invasion of North America and Hawaii. Springer, New York, pp 27–43
Pendleton RM, Schwinghamer C, Solomon LE, Casper AF (2017) Competition among river planktivores: are native planktivores still fewer and skinnier in response to the Silver Carp invasion? Environ Biol Fish 100:1213–1222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-017-0637-7
Petty JT, Grossman GD (2004) Restricted movement by mottled sculpin (pisces: cottidae) in a southern Appalachian stream. Freshw Biol 49:631–645
Phillips BL, Brown GP, Webb JK, Shine R (2006) Invasion and the evolution of speed in toads. Nature 439:803. https://doi.org/10.1038/439803a
Prechtel AR, Coulter AA, Etchison L, Jackson PR, Goforth RR (2017) Range estimates and habitat use of invasive Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): evidence of sedentary and mobile individuals. Hydrobiologia 805:203–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3296-y
Prechtel AR, Coulter AA, Etchison L, Jackson PR, Goforth RR (2018) Range estimates and habitat use of invasive Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): evidence of sedentary and mobile individuals. Hydrobiologia 805:203–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3296-y
R Core Team (2018) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna
Rasmussen JE, Belk MC (2012) Dispersal behavior correlates with personality of a North American fish. Curr Zool 58:260–270. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.2.260
Rasmussen JE, Belk MC (2017) Individual movement of stream fishes: linking ecological drivers with evolutionary processes. Rev Fish Sci Aquac 25:70–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2016.1232697
Rehage JS, Cote J, Sih A (2016) The role of dispersal behavior and personality in post-establishment spread. In: Weis JS, Sol D (eds) Biological invasions and animal behavior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 96–116
Roy LL, Roy AG, Grant JWA, Bergeron NE (2012) Individual variability in the movement behavior of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 70:339–347. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2012-0234
Sass GG, Hinz C, Erickson AC, McClelland NN, McClelland MA, Epifanio JM (2014) Invasive bighead and silver carp effects on zooplankton communities in the Illinois River, Illinois, USA. J Gt Lakes Res 40:911–921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.08.010
Shields R, Pyron M, Minder M, Etchison L (2021) Long-term trends in CPUE and relative weight of size fish species in the Wabash River, USA, prior to and following silver carp invasion. Hydrobiologia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04652-4
Stevens VM, Whitmee S, Le Galliard J, Clobert J, Böhning-Gaese K, Bonte D, Brändle M, Dehling DM, Hof C, Trochet A, Baguette M (2014) A comparative analysis of dispersal syndromes in terrestrial and semi-terrestrial animals. Ecol Lett 17:1039–1052. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12303
Stuart IG, Jones MJ (2006) Movement of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, in a regulated lowland Australian river: implications for management. Fish Manag Ecol 13:213–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2006.00495.x
Stuck JG, Porreca AP, Wahl DH, Colombo RE (2015) Contrasting population demographics of invasive Silver Carp between and impounded and free-flowing river. N Am J Fish Manag 35:114–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2014.986343
Thomas CD, Bodsworth EJ, Wilson RJ, Simmons AD, Davies ZG, Musche M, Conradt L (2001) Ecological and evolutionary processes at the expanding range margins. Nature 411:577–581
Trakhtenbrot A, Nathan R, Perry G, Richardson DM (2005) The importance of long-distance dispersal in biodiversity conservation. Divers Distrib 11:173–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00156.x
Tyler JA, Rose KA (1994) Individual variability of spatial heterogeneity in fish population models. Rev Fish Sci Aquac 4:91–123
White SL, Wagner T (2021) Behaviour at short temporal scales drives dispersal dynamics and survival in a metapopulation of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Freshw Biol 66:278–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13637
Xie P, Chen Y (2001) Invasive carp in China’s plateau lakes. Science 294:999–1001
Acknowledgements
We thank D. Keller, T. Stefanavage, and C. Jansen for assisting with this research and several anonymous reviewers for comments which led to the improvement of this manuscript. We also thank the many Goforth lab students and technicians at Purdue University who have worked to collect the data used in this study, including P. Stipe, T. Thoren, J. Beugly, C. Cripe, W. Goldsmith, A. Escobedo, M. Gunn, E. Bailey, C. Rennaker, and A. Lenaerts.
Funding
Funding for this study was provided by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources (EDS E2-1-D639) and the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative awarded to Reuben R. Goforth. Funding from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture also supported R. Goforth and the Goforth lab during this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study, and revision of this manuscript. Additionally, all authors approve of the submitted manuscript. Data collection and initial writing of the manuscript were performed by Alison A. Coulter and Austin R. Prechtel. Alison A. Coulter performed data analyses and created figures/tables.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
Capture, handling, and surgical procedures described in this study was approved by the Purdue University Animal Care and Use Committee under protocol 09-040.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Coulter, A.A., Prechtel, A.R. & Goforth, R.R. Consistency of mobile and sedentary movement extremes exhibited by an invasive fish, Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Biol Invasions 24, 2581–2596 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02795-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-022-02795-6