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Invasion of Ceratium furcoides in subtropical lakes in Uruguay: Environmental drivers and fish kill record during its bloom

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Abstract

The invasive freshwater dinoflagellate Ceratium furcoides is extending its distribution in South America with increasing environmental impacts associated with its bloom. We here report two events related to C. furcoides distribution expansion in Uruguay: (1) the main environmental drivers (physical and chemical factors, extreme wind events and zooplankton composition) of the first appearance and bloom of C. furcoides in 2012 in a subtropical eutrophic shallow lake (Lake Blanca, Uruguay); and (2) a fish kill event of Prochilodus lineatus observed during a bloom of C. furcoides in 2016 in a deep eutrophic lake (Puente de las Americas, Uruguay). The bloom of C. furcoides in Lake Blanca started in spring 2012 (December) after a clear water period with high phytoplankton species replacement after a cyanobacterial bloom of Raphidiopsis raciborskii. Extreme wind during this period may have initiated the bloom of C. furcoides by enhanced cysts resuspension from the sediments. High nutrient availability and low zooplankton grazing, further allowed C. furcoides to expand and reach over 96% of the phytoplankton biomass. In Lake Puente de las Americas, we registered the fish kill of the large-sized benthic Prochilodus lineatus during a bloom of C. furcoides. This bloom caused the oxygen depletion in the hypolimnion and the gills from these fish exhibited massive accumulations of C. furcoides cells compared to the ones collected in non-bloom conditions. Concurring to other studies our results suggest that the C. furcoides bloom likely caused the fish kill of P. lineatus by asphyxia. Our study is the earliest register of a bloom of C. furcoides in Uruguay (in 2012) and discusses the potential environmental effects of its bloom in subtropical lakes.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Aarhus University, Sino-Danish Center, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of the Republic, Uruguay. E.J. is also supported by the TÜBITAK, BIDEB 2232 program (118C250). The research leading to the results of Lake Blanca received funding from the project ANII-FCE (2009-2749) and of Lake Puente de las Americas from PEDCA – CURE program, Canelones Commune. We thank Anne Mette Poulsen for manuscript editing, Carolina Crisci for the assistance with the meteorological data. We thank Rafael Lacerda Macêdo and the anonymous reviewers for the constructive suggestions on the manuscript. We are grateful to Nicolás Vidal, Anahí López Rodríguez, Lucía Gaucher and Paula Levrini for their valuable field assistance. We dedicate this manuscript to the memory of Juan Maria "Checho" Clemente, with whom we had the great fortune of sharing many hours and “mates”, also during the samplings for this manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by Aarhus University, Sino-Danish Center, the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of the Republic, Uruguay. E.J. is also supported by the TÜBITAK, BIDEB 2232 program (118C250). The research leading to the results of Lake Blanca received funding from the project ANII-FCE (2009–2749) and of Lake Puente de las Americas from PEDCA – CURE program, Canelones Commune.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark

    Juan Pablo Pacheco, Annette Baattrup-Pedersen, Mariana Meerhoff & Erik Jeppesen

  2. Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, 100049, China

    Juan Pablo Pacheco & Erik Jeppesen

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Juan Pablo Pacheco

  4. Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental, CURE – Universidad de la República, 20000, Maldonado, Uruguay

    Juan Pablo Pacheco, Carlos Iglesias Frizzera, Guillermo Goyenola, Franco Teixeira de-Mello , Claudia Fosalba & Mariana Meerhoff

  5. Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

    Erik Jeppesen

  6. Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Mersin, Turkey

    Erik Jeppesen

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  1. Juan Pablo Pacheco
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  2. Carlos Iglesias Frizzera
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  3. Guillermo Goyenola
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  4. Franco Teixeira de-Mello
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  8. Erik Jeppesen
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Contributions

JPP conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, CI investigation, writing—review & editing, GG funding acquisition, investigation, writing—review & editing, FTM investigation, writing—review & editing, CF: investigation, writing—review & editing, ABP: writing—review & editing, supervision MM funding acquisition, investigation, writing—review & editing, EJ funding acquisition, writing—review & editing, supervision.

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Correspondence to Juan Pablo Pacheco.

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Pacheco, J.P., Iglesias Frizzera, C., Goyenola, G. et al. Invasion of Ceratium furcoides in subtropical lakes in Uruguay: Environmental drivers and fish kill record during its bloom. Biol Invasions 23, 3597–3612 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02600-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02600-w

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