Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Biotic resistance and the spatiotemporal distribution of an invading woodwasp, Sirex noctilio

Biological Invasions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Quantifying the strength of interactions among introduced and native species across space and time is critical in understanding biological invasions as they can attenuate or amplify the magnitude of impact. The European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio F., a global threat to pines, is a recent invader to North America. It attacks and kills primarily Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris, and encounters a diverse assemblage of potential competitors for this resource. We quantified spatial colonization patterns of this woodwasp and resident competitors including scolytine bark beetles, woodboring cerambycid and buprestid beetles, and the fungal root rot diseases Armillaria and Heterobasidion across an 80 year old pine plantation over 4 years. All xylophages were spatially aggregated, but only on a localized scale of 15–20 m. Colonizers occurred non-randomly within trees, with S. noctilio negatively or neutrally associated with all other colonizing agents, whereas all other insect and root rot colonizers were mostly positively co-associated. An autologistic regression with spatially-weighted variables indicated the probability of a dead tree exhibiting symptoms of S. noctilio attack was positively associated with tree density, host species (P. sylvestris), and density of S. noctilio-attacked trees from the current and previous year. Interspecific stand patterns were weaker; probability of attack was negatively associated only with root rot pathogens. Across spatial scales, there were mixed (woodborers) and neutral (bark beetles) associations between S. noctilio and other co-colonizing insects. Our results suggest that competitive interactions with resident species may be contributing to the limited success of S. noctilio in North America, but are unlikely to be driving it by themselves.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aukema BH, Richards GR, Krauth SJ, Raffa KF (2004) Species assemblage arriving at and emerging from trees colonized by Ips pini in the Great Lakes region: partitioning by time since colonization, season, and host species. Ann Entomol Soc Am 97:117–129. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0117:SAAAAE]2.0.CO;2

    Google Scholar 

  • Aukema BH, Zhu J, Møller J et al (2010) Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: roles in forest decline, gap formation, and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations. For Ecol Manage 259:374–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.032

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayres BD, Ayres MP, Abrahamson MD, Teale SA (2001) Resource partitioning and overlap in three sympatric species of Ips bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Oecologia 128:443–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100665

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres MP, Pena R, Lombardo JA, Lombardero MJ (2014) Host use patterns by the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in its native and invaded range. PLoS ONE 9:e90321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090321

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa P, Cranshaw W, Greenblatt JA (1981) Influence of food quantity and quality on polymorphic dispersal behaviors in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Can J Zool 59:293–296. https://doi.org/10.1139/z81-044

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendel M, Rigling D (2008) Signs and symptoms associated with Heterobasidion annosum and Armillaria ostoyae infection in dead and dying mountain pine (Pinus mugo ssp. uncinata). For Pathol 38:61–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2007.00530.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjørnstad ON, Falck W (2001) Nonparametric spatial covariance functions: estimation and testing. Environ Ecol Stat 8:53–70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009601932481

    Google Scholar 

  • Böröczky K, Zylstra KE, McCartney NB et al (2012) Volatile profile differences and the associated Sirex noctilio activity in two host tree species in the northeastern United States. J Chem Ecol 38:213–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0077-y

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchner P (1965) Endosymbiosis of animals with plant microorganims. Wiley, Hoboken

    Google Scholar 

  • Buxbaum CA, Nowak CA, White EH (2005) Deep subsoil nutrient uptake in potassium-deficient, aggrading Pinus resinosa plantation. Can J For Res 35:1978–1983. https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capinera JL, Barbosa P (1976) Dispersal of first-instar gypsy moth larvae in relation to population quality. Oecologia 26:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345652

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson NO, Sarnelle O, Strayer DL (2009) Native predators and exotic prey—an acquired taste? Front Ecol Environ 7:525–532. https://doi.org/10.1890/080093

    Google Scholar 

  • Chrystal RN, Myers JG (1928) The Sirex woodwasps and their parasites. Emp For J 7:145–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke CW, Carnegie AJ, Yousuf F et al (2016) Minimizing the disruptive effect of Ips grandicollis (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) on biocontrol of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). For Ecol Manage 381:134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.023

    Google Scholar 

  • Corley JC, Villacide JM (2012) Population dynamics of Sirex noctilio: influence of diapause, spatial aggregation and flight potential on outbreaks and spread. In: Slippers B, de Groot P, Wingfield MJ (eds) The Sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 51–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Corley JC, Villacide JM, Bruzzone OA (2007) Spatial dynamics of a Sirex noctilio woodwasp population within a pine plantation in Patagonia, Argentina. Entomol Exp Appl 125:231–236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2007.00623.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson RN, Mayyasi AM, Foltz JL, Hain FP (1976) Interspecific competition between Monochamus titillator and Dendroctonus frontalis. Environ Entomol 5:235–247. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/5.2.235

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutts MP (1969a) The mechanism of pathogenicity of Sirex noctilio on Pinus radiata L. effects of the symbiotic fungus Amylostereum sp. (Thelophoraceae). Aust J Biol Sci 22:915–924

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutts MP (1969b) The mechanism of pathogenicity of Sirex noctilio on Pinus radiata II. Effects of S. noctilio mucus. Aust J Biol Sci 22:1153–1162

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronin JT, Reeve JD, Wilkens R, Turchin P (2000) The pattern and range of movement of a checkered beetle predator relative to its bark beetle prey. Oikos 90:127–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis TS, Hofstetter RW (2009) Effects of gallery density and species ratio on the fitness and fecundity of two sympatric bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Environ Entomol 38:639–650. https://doi.org/10.1603/022.038.0315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denno RF, McClure MS, Ott JR (1995) Interspecific interactions in phytophagous insects: competition reexamined and resurrected. Annu Rev Entomol 40:297–331. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.001501

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denno RF, Peterson MA, Gratton C et al (2000) Feeding-induced changes in plant quality mediate interspecific competition between sap-feeding herbivores. Ecology 81:1814–1827

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds KJ, de Groot P (2012) Sirex, surveys and management: challenges of having Sirex noctilio in North America. In: Slippers B, de Groot P, Wingfield MJ (eds) The Sirex woodwasp and its fungal symbiont. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 265–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds KJ, Graber C, Stephen FM (2001) Facultative intraguild predation by larval Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) on bark beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environ Entomol 30:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-30.1.17

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds KJ, de Groot P, Orwig DA (2010) The impact of Sirex noctilio in Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris stands in New York and Ontario. Can J For Res 40:212–223. https://doi.org/10.1139/X09-181

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodds KJ, Zylstra KE, Dubois GD, Hoebeke ER (2012) Arboreal insects associated with herbicide-stressed Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris used as Sirex noctilio trap trees in New York. Environ Entomol 41:1350–1363. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN12180

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning JB, Danielson BJ, Pulliam HR (1992) Ecological processes that affect populations in complex landscapes. Oikos 65:169–175. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544901

    Google Scholar 

  • Eager PT, Allen DC, Frair JL, Fierke MK (2011) Within-tree distributions of the Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)—parasitoid complex and development of an optimal sampling scheme. Environ Entomol 40:1266–1275. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN10322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elton CS (1958) The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Erbilgin N, Raffa KF (2000) Effects of host tree species on attractiveness of tunneling pine engravers, Ips pini, to conspecifics and insect predators. J Chem Ecol 26:823–840. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005495806100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erbilgin N, Raffa KF (2002) Association of declining red pine stands with reduced populations of bark beetle predators, seasonal increases in root colonizing insects, and incidence of root pathogens. For Ecol Manage 164:221–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00596-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Erbilgin N, Nordheim EV, Aukema BH, Raffa KF (2002) Population dynamics of Ips pini and Ips grandicollis in red pine plantations in Wisconsin: within- and between-year associations with predators, competitors, and habitat quality. Environ Entomol 31:1043–1051. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-31.6.1043

    Google Scholar 

  • Foelker CJ (2016) Beneath the bark: associations among Sirex noctilio development, bluestain fungi, and pine host species in North America. Ecol Entomol 41:676–684. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12342

    Google Scholar 

  • Foelker CJ, Standley CR, Fierke MK et al (2016a) Host tissue identification for cryptic hymenopteran parasitoids associated with Sirex noctilio. Agric For Entomol 18:91–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12137

    Google Scholar 

  • Foelker CJ, Standley CR, Parry D, Fierke MK (2016b) Complex ecological relationships among an assemblage of indigenous hymenopteran parasitoids, the exotic European woodwasp (Sirex noctilio; Hymenoptera: Siricidae), and a native congener. Can Entomol 148:532–542

    Google Scholar 

  • Francke-Grosman H (1939) On the symbiosis of woodwasps (Siricinae) with fungi. Z Angew Entomol 25:647–679

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H, Hijii N (1996) Host-tree conditions affecting the oviposition activities of the woodwasp, Sirex nitobei Matsumura (Hymenoptera: Siricidae). J For Res 1:177–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Garbelotto M, Gonthier P (2013) Biology, epidemiology, and control of Heterobasidion species worldwide. Annu Rev Phytopathol 51:39–59

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelman A (2008) Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations. Stat Med 27:2865–2873

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham SA (1925) The felled tree trunk as an ecological unit. Ecology 6:397–411. https://doi.org/10.2307/1929106

    Google Scholar 

  • Haavik LJ, Dodds KJ, Allison JD (2015) Do native insects and associated fungi limit non-native woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, survival in a newly invaded environment? PLoS ONE 10:e0138516. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138516

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haavik LJ, Dodds KJ, Ryan K, Allison JD (2016) Evidence that the availability of suitable pine limits non-native Sirex noctilio in Ontario. Agric For Entomol 18:357–366. https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12167

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson HS (1939) Ecological notes on the Sirex wood wasps and their parasites. Bull Entomol Res 30:27–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes RA, Griffiths MW, Nahrung HF (2015) Electrophysiological activity of the Sirex noctilio ovipositor: you know the drill? J Asia-Pac Entomol 8:165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2015.01.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoebeke ER, Haugen DA, Haack RA (2005) Sirex noctilio: discovery of a Palearctic siricid woodwasp in New York. Newsl Mich Entomol Soc 50:24–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstetter RW, Cronin JT, Klepzig KD et al (2005) Antagonisms, mutualisms and commensalisms affect outbreak dynamics of the southern pine beetle. Oecologia 147:679–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0312-0

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley BP, Hatting HJ, Wingfield MJ et al (2012) The influence of Amylostereum areolatum diversity and competitive interactions on the fitness of the Sirex parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola. Biol Control 61:207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.02.006

    Google Scholar 

  • Keane RM, Crawley MJ (2002) Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends Ecol Evol 17:164–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02499-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Lantschner MV, Corley JC (2015) Spatial pattern of attacks of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio, at landscape and stand scales. PLoS ONE 10:e0127099. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127099

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levin SA (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology: the Robert H. MacArthur award lecture. Ecology 73:1943–1967

    Google Scholar 

  • Light DM, Birch MC, Paine TD (1983) Laboratory study of intraspecific and interspecific competition within and between two sympatric bark beetle species, Ips pini and I. paraconfusus. Z Für Angew Entomol 96:233–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1983.tb03664.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Long SJ, Williams DW, Hajek AE (2009) Sirex species (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and their parasitoids in Pinus sylvestris in eastern North America. Can Entomol 141:153–157. https://doi.org/10.4039/n08-068

    Google Scholar 

  • Madden JL (1988) Sirex in Australia. In: Berryman AA (ed) Dynamics of forest insect populations. Springer, New York, pp 407–429

    Google Scholar 

  • McClure MS (1984) Influence of cohabitation and resinosis on site selection and survival of Pineus boerneri Annand and P. coloradensis (Gillette) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on red pine. Environ Entomol 13:657–663

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller MC (1986) Within-tree effects of bark beetle insect associates on the emergence of Ips calligraphus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environ Entomol 15:1104–1108. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/15.5.1104

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielson RM, Sugihara RT, Boardman TJ, Engeman RM (2004) Optimization of ordered distance sampling. Environmetrics 15:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.627

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemelä P, Mattson WJ (1996) Invasion of North American forests by European phytophagous insects. Bioscience 46:741–753. https://doi.org/10.2307/1312850

    Google Scholar 

  • Omdal DW, Shaw CG III, Jacobi WR (2004) Symptom expression in conifers infected with Armillaria ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum. Can J For Res 34:1210–1219. https://doi.org/10.1139/x04-007

    Google Scholar 

  • Paine TD, Birch MC, Švihra P (1981) Niche breadth and resource partitioning by four sympatric species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Oecologia 48:1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parker JD, Hay ME (2005) Biotic resistance to plant invasions? Native herbivores prefer non-native plants. Ecol Lett 8:959–967

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin EA (1941) Symbiosis in larval Siricidæ (Hymenoptera). Nature 147:329. https://doi.org/10.1038/147329a0

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkin EA (1942) Symbiosis and siricid woodwasps. Ann Appl Biol 29:268–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1942.tb07593.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Price PW, Bouton CE, Gross P et al (1980) Interactions among three trophic levels: influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 11:41–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Price PW, Westoby M, Rice B et al (1986) Parasite mediation in ecological interactions. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 17:487–505

    Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/

  • Raffa KF, Berryman AA (1980) Flight responses and host selection by bark beetles. In: Proceedings of the second IUFRO conference on dispersal of forest insects: evaluation, theory, and management implications. Conference Office, Cooperative Extension Service, Washington State University, Pullman Washington, pp 213–233

  • Rankin LJ, Borden JH (1991) Competitive interactions between the mountain pine beetle and the pine engraver in lodgepole pine. Can J For Res 21:1029–1036. https://doi.org/10.1139/x91-141

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripley BD (1976) The second-order analysis of stationary point processes. J Appl Probab 13:255–266. https://doi.org/10.2307/3212829

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross-Davis AL, Hanna JW, Kim M-S, Klopfenstein NB (2011) Advances toward DNA-based identification and phylogeny of North American Armillaria species using elongation factor-1 alpha gene. Mycoscience 53:161–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-011-0148-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan K, Moncalvo J-M, de Groot P, Smith SM (2011) Interactions between the fungal symbiont of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and two bark beetle-vectored fungi. Can Entomol 143:224–235. https://doi.org/10.4039/n11-001

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan K, de Groot P, Davis C, Smith SM (2012a) Effect of two bark beetle-vectored fungi on the on-host search and oviposition behavior of the introduced woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) on Pinus sylvestris trees and logs. J Insect Behav 25:453–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-011-9313-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan K, De Groot P, Nott RW et al (2012b) Natural enemies associated with Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and S. nigricornis in Ontario, Canada. Environ Entomol 41:289–297. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN11275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan K, de Groot P, Smith SM (2012c) Evidence of interaction between Sirex noctilio and other species inhabiting the bole of Pinus. Agric For Entomol 14:187–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2011.00558.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Safranyik L, Linton DA, Silversides R, McMullen LH (1992) Dispersal of released mountain pine beetles under the canopy of a mature lodgepole pine stand. J Appl Entomol 113:441–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1992.tb00687.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Savely HE (1939) Ecological relations of certain animals in dead pine and oak logs. Ecol Monogr 9:321–385. https://doi.org/10.2307/1943233

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlyter F, Anderbrant O (1993) Competition and niche separation between two bark beetles: existence and mechanisms. Oikos 68:437–447. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544911

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder LM, Weslien J (1994) Reduced offspring production in bark beetle Tomicus piniperda in pine bolts baited with ethanol and α-pinene, which attract antagonistic insects. J Chem Ecol 20:1429–1444. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02059871

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slippers B, Hurley BP, Wingfield MJ (2015) Sirex woodwasp: a model for evolving management paradigms of invasive forest pests. Annu Rev Entomol 60:601–619. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith MT, Bancroft J, Li G et al (2001) Dispersal of Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae). Environ Entomol 30:1036–1040

    Google Scholar 

  • Spradbery JP, Kirk AA (1978) Aspects of the ecology of siricid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Europe, North Africa and Turkey with special reference to the biological control of Sirex noctilio F. in Australia. Bull Entomol Res 68:341–359. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300009330

    Google Scholar 

  • Standley CR, Hoebeke ER, Parry D et al (2012) Detection and identification of two new native hymenopteran parasitoids associated with the exotic Sirex noctilio in North America. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 114:238–249. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.114.2.238

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson BM (2013) Community ecology and Sirex noctilio: interactions with microbial symbionts and native insects. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Entomology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

  • Thompson BM, Grebenok RJ, Behmer ST, Gruner DS (2012) Microbial symbionts shape the sterol profile of the xylem-feeding woodwasp, Sirex noctilio. J Chem Ecol 39:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-012-0222-7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thoss V, O’Reilly-Wapstra J, Iason GR (2007) Assessment and implications of intraspecific and phenological variability in monoterpenes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) foliage. J Chem Ecol 33:477–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-006-9244-3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tribe GD, Cillié JJ (2004) The spread of Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in South African pine plantations and the introduction and establishment of its biological control agents. Afr Entomol 12:9–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Turchin P, Thoeny WT (1993) Quantifying dispersal of southern pine beetles with mark-recapture experiments and a diffusion model. Ecol Appl 3:187–198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villacide JM, Corley JC (2008) Parasitism and dispersal potential of Sirex noctilio: implications for biological control. Agric For Entomol 10:341–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00395.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodard S, Stenlid J, Karjalainen R, Hüttermann A (1998) Heterobasidion annosum: biology, ecology, impact and control. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousuf F, Carnegie AJ, Bashford R et al (2014a) Bark beetle (Ips grandicollis) disruption of woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) biocontrol: direct and indirect mechanisms. For Ecol Manage 323:98–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.009

    Google Scholar 

  • Yousuf F, Gurr GM, Carnegie AJ et al (2014b) The bark beetle, Ips grandicollis, disrupts biological control of the woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, via fungal symbiont interactions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 88:38–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zylstra KE, Dodds KJ, Francese JA, Mastro V (2010) Sirex noctilio in North America: the effect of stem-injection timing on the attractiveness and suitability of trap trees. Agric For Entomol 12:243–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2010.00476.x

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Michael Parisio for field assistance. Bruce Breitmeyer and Chris Nowak provided important logistical support and insight on the history of Pack Demonstration Forest. We thank the NY Department of Environmental Conservation for providing a field vehicle. Comments by Patrick Tobin and an anonymous reviewer greatly improved the quality of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christopher J. Foelker.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Foelker, C.J., Parry, D. & Fierke, M.K. Biotic resistance and the spatiotemporal distribution of an invading woodwasp, Sirex noctilio. Biol Invasions 20, 1991–2003 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1673-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1673-8

Keywords

Navigation