Abstract
In 2003, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) undertook an eradication programme against Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), a phloem- and wood-boring cerambycid beetle from Asia discovered in Toronto and Vaughan, Ontario. The programme included a multi-year surveillance phase in a quarantine area. We developed a spatial decision support system (SDSS) to aid in effective and efficient allocation, tracking, forecasting, and reporting of these surveillance activities. We parameterised our SDSS with data collected by the CFIA during the treatment phase, and from existing policy, scientific and expert knowledge. The SDSS operated within a multi-loop adaptive management framework designed to foster four levels of organisational learning, analogous to the Data–Information–Knowledge–Wisdom hierarchy, to address uncertainty in founding parameters. Increasingly complex feedback was escalated to higher levels of programme management for review, and then integrated into the SDSS for future implementation. Numerous enhancements were approved and implemented during both the SDSS development and operation because of organisational learning fostered by the system. Two basic forms of learning methods were used: visual pattern recognition within graphical SDSS outputs, and hypothesis testing through re-evaluation of founding precepts and parameters. The system successfully guided surveillance until pest-free status was declared nine survey-cycles later, the first four leading to the discovery of small, residual beetle populations. We believe our system is flexible enough to successfully integrate different precepts and parameters, and be implemented as a best practice against this species or other organisms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andersen MC, Adams H, Hope B, Powell M (2004) Risk assessment for invasive species. Risk Anal 24:787–793. doi:10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00478.x
Argyris C (1976) Single-loop and double-loop models in research on decision making. Adm Sci Q 21:363–375. doi:10.2307/2391848
Argyris C, Schön DA (1996) Organizational learning II: theory, method, and practice. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Aukema JE, Leung B, Kovacs K, Chivers C, Britton KO et al (2011) Economic impacts of non-native forest insects in the continental United States. PLoS ONE 6(9):e24587. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024587
Bancroft JS, Smith MT (2005) Dispersal and influences on movement for Anoplophora glabripennis calculated from individual mark-recapture. Entomol Exp Appl 116:83–92. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00320.x
Barclay HJ, Hargrove JW (2005) Probability models to facilitate a declaration of pest-free status, with special reference to tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull Entomol Res 95:1–11. doi:10.1079/BER2004331
Bogich TL, Liebhold AM, Shea K (2008) To sample or eradicate? A cost minimization model for monitoring and managing an invasive species. J Appl Ecol 45:1134–1142. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01494.x
Brockerhoff EG, Liebhold AM, Richardson B, Suckling DM (2010) Eradication of invasive forest insects: concepts, methods, costs and benefits. N Z J For Sci 40:S117–S135
Bulman LS, Kimberley MO, Gadgil PD (1999) Estimation of the efficiency of pest detection surveys. N Z J For Sci 29:102–115
Cacho OJ, Spring D, Pheloung P, Hester S (2006) Evaluating the feasibility of eradicating an invasion. Biol Invasions 8:903–917. doi:10.1007/s10530-005-4733-9
Carter ME, Smith MT, Turgeon JJ, Harrison RG (2009) Analysis of genetic diversity in an invasive population of Asian long-horned beetles in Ontario, Canada. Can Entomol 141:582–594. doi:10.4039/n09-026
CFIA [Canadian Food Inspection Agency] (2013) Asian Long-horned Beetle eradicated from Canada. News release 2013-04-05. http://www.inspection.gc.ca/about-the-cfia/newsroom/news-releases/2013-04-05/eng/1365168144940/1365168154936. Accessed 20 Apr 2016
City of Toronto (2013) Every tree counts: a portrait of Toronto’s Urban Forest. Toronto, Ontario. Parks, Forestry and Recreation. Urban Forestry. http://www1.toronto.ca/City%20Of%20Toronto/Parks%20Forestry%20&%20Recreation/Urban%20Forestry/Files/pdf/E/every_tree_counts.pdf. Accessed 20 April 2016
Cohen Y, Cohen A, Hetzroni A, Alchanatis V, Broday D, Gazit Y, Timar D (2008) Spatial decision support system for Medfly control in citrus. Comput Electron Agric 62:107–117. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2007.12.005
Densham PJ (1991) Spatial decision support systems. In: Maguire DJ, Goodchild MF, Rhind DW (eds) Geographical information systems: principles and applications. Wiley, New York, pp 403–412
Dodds KJ, Orwig DA (2011) An invasive urban forest pest invades natural environments—Asian longhorned beetle in northeastern US hardwood forests. Can J For Res 41:1729–1742. doi:10.1139/X11-097
EPPO [European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization] (2016) EPPO Global Database. https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ANOLGL/reporting. Accessed 20 April 2016
ESRI (2005) ArcGIS Desktop version 9.1 Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., Redlands, CA
Fabricius C, Cundill G (2014) Learning in adaptive management: insights from published practice. Ecol Soc 19:29. doi:10.5751/ES-06263-190129
FAO (1995) Glossary of phytosanitary terms (last modified 2013). International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures 5. International Plant Protection Convention. FAO, Rome
FAO (1998) Guidelines for pest eradication programmes (last modified 2013). International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures 9. International Plant Protection Convention. FAO, Rome
Favaro R, Wichmann L, Ravn HP, Faccoli M (2015) Spatial spread and infestation risk assessment in the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis. Entomol Exp Appl 155:95–101. doi:10.1111/eea.12292
Field SA, Tyre AJ, Possingham HP (2005) Optimizing allocation of monitoring effort under economic and observational constraints. J Wildl Manag 69:473–482. doi:10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[0473:OAOMEU]2.0.CO;2
Fitzpatrick MC, Preisser EL, Ellison AM, Elkinton JS (2009) Observer bias and the detection of low-density populations. Ecol Appl 19:1673–1679. doi:10.1890/09-0265.1
Gourley SA, Zou XF (2008) A mathematical model for the control and eradication of a wood boring beetle infestation. SIAM J Appl Math 68:1665–1687. doi:10.1137/060674387
Haack RA, Bauer LS, Gao R, McCarthy JJ, Miller DL, Petrice TR, Poland TM (2006) Anoplophora glabripennis within-tree distribution, seasonal development, and host suitability in China and Chicago. Gt Lakes Entomol 39:169–183
Haack RA, Hérard F, Sun J, Turgeon JJ (2010) Managing invasive populations of Asian longhorned beetle and citrus longhorned beetle: a worldwide perspective. Annu Rev Entomol 55:521–546. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085427
Hargrove R (1995) Masterful coaching: extraordinary results by impacting people and the way they think and work together. Pfeiffer & Company, San Francisco
Hauser CE, McCarthy MA (2009) Streamlining ‘search and destroy’: cost-effective surveillance for invasive species management. Ecol Lett 12:683–692. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01323.x
Hejda M, Pyšek P, Jarošík V (2009) Impact of invasive plants on the species richness, diversity and composition of invaded communities. J Ecol 97:393–403. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01480.x
Hérard F, Ciampitti M, Maspero M, Krehan H, Benker U, Boegel C, Schrage R, Bouhot-Delduc L, Bialooki P (2006) Anoplophora species in Europe: infestations and management processes. Bull OEPP/EPPO Bull 36:470–474. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2006.01046.x
Hoffmann BD (2011) Eradication of populations of an invasive ant in northern Australia: successes, failures and lessons for management. Biodivers Conserv 20:3267–3278. doi:10.1007/s10531-011-0106-0
Holling CS (ed) (1978) Adaptive environmental assessment and management. International Series on Applied Systems Analysis, vol 3. Wiley, New York
Hopkin AA, de Groot P, Turgeon JJ (2004) Alien forest insects: what’s bugging us in Ontario? Emerald Ash Borer and Asian Longhorned Beetle. For Health Biodivers News 8(1):1–5
Hosking GP (2002) Incursion response—back to basics. N Z J For 47:24–27
Hu J, Angeli S, Schuetz S, Luo Y, Hajek AE (2009) Ecology and management of exotic and endemic Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis. Agric For Entomol 11:359–375. doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2009.00443.x
Janssen R (1992) Multiobjective decision support for environmental management. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Keena MA (2002) Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) fecundity and longevity under laboratory conditions: comparison of populations from New York and Illinois on Acer saccharum. Environ Entomol 31:490–498. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-31.3.490
Keena MA (2006) Effects of temperature on Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) adult survival, reproduction, and egg hatch. Environ Entomol 35:912–921. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-35.4.912
Keena MA, Moore PM (2010) Effects of temperature on Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae and pupae. Environ Entomol 39:1323–1335. doi:10.1603/EN09369
Keenan PB (2003) Spatial decision support systems. In: Mora M, Forgionne G, Gupta JND (eds) Decision making support systems: achievements and challenges for the new decade. IGI Global, Hershey, pp 28–39
Kenis M, Auger-Rozenberg M-A, Roques A, Timms L, Péré C, Cock MJW, Settele J, Augustin S, Lopez-Vaamonde C (2009) Ecological effects of invasive alien insects. Biol Invasions 11:21–45. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9680-8_3
Liebhold AM, Berec L, Brockerhoff EG, Epanchin-Niell RS, Hastings A, Herms DA, Kean JM, McCullough DG, Suckling DM, Tobin PC, Yamanaka T (2016) Eradication of invading insect populations: from concepts to applications. Annu Rev Entomol 61:335–352. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023809
Lingafelter SW, Hoebeke ER (2002) Revision of Anoplophora (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Entomological Society of Washington, Washington
Mackenzie BF, Larson BMH (2010) Participation under time constraints: landowner perceptions of rapid response to the Emerald Ash Borer. Soc Nat Resour 23:1013–1022. doi:10.1080/08941920903339707
McLain RJ, Lee RG (1996) Adaptive management: promises and pitfalls. Environ Manag 20:437–448. doi:10.1007/BF01474647
McLoughlin CA, Thoms MC (2015) Integrative learning for practicing adaptive resource management. Ecol Soc 20:34. doi:10.5751/ES-07303-200134
Mehta SV, Haight RG, Homans FR, Polasky S, Venette RC (2007) Optimal detection and control strategies for invasive species management. Ecol Econ 61:237–245. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.10.024
Meng PS, Hoover K, Keena MA (2015) Asian longhorned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an introduced pest of maple and other hardwood trees in North America and Europe. J Integr Pest Manag 6:4. doi:10.1093/jipm/pmv003
Microsoft Excel 2003 version 11. Microsoft Corporation, Redmond
Morrison SA, Macdonald N, Walker K, Lozier L, Shaw MR (2007) Facing the dilemma at eradication’s end: uncertainty of absence and the Lazarus effect. Front Ecol Environ 5:271–276. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[271:FTDAEE]2.0.CO;2
Myers JH, Hosking G (2002) Eradication. In: Baker RHA, Hallman GJ, Schwalbe CP (eds) Invasive arthropods in agriculture. Problems and solutions. Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, pp 293–307
Myers JH, Savoie A, Randen E (1998) Eradication and pest management. Annu Rev Entomol 43:471–491. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.471
Myers JH, Simberloff D, Kuris AM, Carey JR (2000) Eradication revisited: dealing with exotic species. Trends Ecol Evol 15:316–320. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01914-5
NAPPO [North American Plant Protection Organization] (2016) NAPPO Phytosanitary Alert System. http://www.pestalert.org/main.cfm. Accessed 20 April 2016
Nowak DJ, Pasek JE, Sequeira RA, Crane DE, Mastro VC (2001) Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States. J Econ Entomol 94:116–122. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-94.1.116
NRCan [Natural Resources Canada] (2013) Asian longhorned beetle. NRCan, Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/insects-diseases/13369. Accessed 15 Jan 2014
Pahl-Wostl C (2009) A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Glob Environ Change 19:354–365. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.06.001
Pan HY (2005) Shelterbelt management and control of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis in the three north region of China: review of the Asian longhorned beetle research, biology, distribution and management in China. FAO Forestry Department Working paper
Panetta FD, Lawes R (2007) Evaluation of the Australian branched broomrape (Orobanche ramose) eradication program. Weed Sci 55:644–651. doi:10.1614/WS-07-058.1
Panetta FD, Timmins SM (2004) Evaluating the feasibility of eradication for terrestrial weed incursions. Plant Prot Q 19:5–11
Pejchar L, Mooney HA (2009) Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being. Trends Ecol Evol 24:497–504. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.016
Pluess T, Cannon R, Jarošík V, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Bacher S (2012) When are eradication campaigns successful? A test of common assumptions. Biol Invasions 14:1365–1378. doi:10.1007/s10530-011-0160-2
Porth EF, Dandy N, Marzano M (2015) “My garden is the one with no trees:” Residential Lived Experiences of the 2012 Asian Longhorn Beetle Eradication Programme in Kent, England. Hum Ecol 43:669–679. doi:10.1007/s10745-015-9788-3
Rauscher HM (1999) Ecosystem management decision support for federal forests in the United States: a review. For Ecol Manag 114:173–197. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00350-8
Reed MS (2008) Stakeholder participation for environmental management: a literature review. Biol Conserv 141:2417–2431. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.014
Regan TJ, McCarthy MA, Baxter PWJ, Dane Panetta F, Possingham HP (2006) Optimal eradication: when to stop looking for an invasive plant. Ecol Lett 9:759–766. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00920.x
Reynolds KM (2005) Integrated decision support for sustainable forest management in the United States: fact or fiction. Comput Electron Agric 49:6–23. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2005.02.002
Rout TM, Salomon Y, McCarthy MA (2009a) Using sighting records to declare eradication of an invasive species. J Appl Ecol 46:110–117. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01586.x
Rout TM, Thompson CJ, McCarthy MA (2009b) Robust decisions for declaring eradication of invasive species. J Appl Ecol 46:782–786. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01678.x
Rout TM, Kirkwood R, Sutherland DR, Murphy S, McCarthy MA (2013) When to declare successful eradication of an invasive predator? Anim Conserv 17:125–132. doi:10.1111/acv.12065
Sawyer AJ, Panagakos WS, Horner AE, Freeman KJ (2011) Asian longhorned beetle, over the river and through the woods: habitat-dependent population spread. In: McManus KA, Gottschalk KW (eds) 21st U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on invasive species. Annapolis. General Technical Report NRS-P-75. Newtown Square, PA. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 52–54. https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_nrs-p-75.pdf. Accessed 20 April 2016
Shatz AJ, Rogan J, Sangermano F, Miller J, Elmes A (2016) Modeling the risk of spread and establishment for Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) in Massachusetts from 2008–2009. Geocarto Int 31:813–831. doi:10.1080/10106049.2015.1086901
Simberloff D (2003) Eradication—preventing invasions at the outset. Weed Sci 51:247–253. doi:10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0247:EPIATO]2.0.CO;2
Sjöman H, Östberg J, Nilsson J (2014) Review of host trees for the wood-boring pests Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis: an urban forest perspective. Arboric Urban For 40:143–164
Smith MT, Bancroft JS, Li GH, Gao RT, Teale S (2001) Dispersal of Anoplophora glabripennis (Cerambycidae). Environ Entomol 30:1036–1040. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-30.6.1036
Smith MT, Bancroft J, Tropp J (2002) Age-specific fecundity of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on three tree species infested in the United States. Environ Entomol 31:76–83. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.76
Smith MT, Tobin P, Bancroft JS, Li GH, Gao RT (2004) Dispersal and spatiotemporal dynamics of Asian longhorned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in China. Environ Entomol 33:435–442. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-33.2.435
Smith MT, Turgeon JJ, de Groot P, Gasman B (2009) Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky): lessons learned and opportunities to improve the process of eradication and management. Am Entomol 55:21–25. doi:10.1093/ae/55.1.21a
Sprague RH Jr (1980) A framework for the development of decision support systems. MIS Q 4:1–26. doi:10.2307/248957
Straw NA, Fielding NJ, Tilbury C, Williams DT, Inward D (2015) Host plant selection and resource utilisation by Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in southern England. Forestry 88:84–95. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpu037
Suckling DM, Stringer LD, Stephens AE, Woods B, Williams DG, Baker G, El-Sayed AM (2014) From integrated pest management to integrated pest eradication: technologies and future needs. Pest Manag Sci 70:179–189. doi:10.1002/ps.3670
Tobin PC, Kean JM, Suckling DM, McCullough DG, Herms DA, Stringer LD (2014) Determinants of successful arthropod eradication programs. Biol Invasions 16:401–414. doi:10.1007/s10530-013-0529-5
Trotter RT, Hull-Sanders H (2015) Quantifying Dispersal of the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis, Coleoptera) with incomplete data and behavioral knowledge. Biol Invasions 17:3359–3369. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0961-9
Trotter RT, Keena MA (2016) A variable-instar climate-driven individual beetle-based phenology model for the invasive asian longhorned beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Environ Entomol 45:1360–1370. doi:10.1093/ee/nvw108
Turgeon JJ, Ric J, de Groot P, Gasman B, Orr M, Doyle J, Smith MT, Dumouchel L, Scarr T (2007) Détection des signes et des symptômes d’attaque par le longicorne étoilé: guide de formation. Ressources naturelles Canada—Service canadien des forêts, Ottawa
Turgeon JJ, Pedlar J, de Groot P, Smith MT, Jones C, Orr M, Gasman B (2010) Density and location of simulated signs of injury affect efficacy of ground surveys for Asian longhorned beetle. Can Entomol 142:80–96. doi:10.4039/n09-049
Turgeon JJ, Orr M, Grant C, Wu Y, Gasman B (2015) Decade-old satellite infestation of Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) found in Ontario, Canada outside regulated area of founder population. Coleopt Bull 69:674–678. doi:10.1649/0010-065X-69.4.674
Turgeon JJ, Jones C, Smith MT, Orr M, Scarr TA, Gasman B (2016) Records of unsuccessful attack by Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on broadleaf trees of questionable suitability in Canada. Can Entomol 148:569–578. doi:10.4039/tce.2016.2
van der Gaag DJ, Loomans AJM (2014) Host plants of Anoplophora glabripennis, a review. EPPO Bull 44:518–528. doi:10.1111/epp.12151
Walters CJ, Hilborn R (1978) Ecological optimisation and adaptive management. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 9:157–188. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.09.110178.001105
Wang B, Mastro VC, McLane WH (2000) Impacts of chipping on surrogates for the longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in logs. J Econ Entomol 93:1832–1836. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1832
Whittle PJ, Stoklosa R, Barrett S, Jarrad FC, Majer JD, Martin PAJ, Mengersen K (2013) A method for designing complex biosecurity surveillance systems: detecting non-indigenous species of invertebrates on Barrow Island. Divers Distrib 19:629–639. doi:10.1111/ddi.12056
Williams BK (2011a) Adaptive management of natural resources—framework and issues. J Environ Manag 92:1346–1353. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.041
Williams BK (2011b) Passive and active adaptive management: approaches and an example. J Environ Manag 92:1371–1378. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.039
Williams BK, Brown ED (2014) Adaptive management: from more talk to real action. Environ Manag 53:465–479. doi:10.1007/s00267-013-0205-7
Williams DW, Hai-Poong L, Il-Kwon K (2004) Distribution and abundance of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in natural Acer stands in South Korea. Environ Entomol 33:540–545. doi:10.1603/0046-225X-33.3.540
Yin W, Lu W (2005) Shelterbelt management and control of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, in the three-north region of China: review of tree selection and afforestation for control of Asian longhorned beetle in China. FAO, Forestry Department Working Paper
Zeleny M (1987) Management support systems: towards integrated knowledge management. Hum Syst Manag 7:59–70. doi:10.3233/HSM-1987-7108
Acknowledgements
We thank Ben Gasman (project manager of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency’s (CFIA) eradication programme against A. glabripennis in Toronto), Mary Orr (CFIA), and Steve Matsumoto (City of Toronto) for providing assistance, feedback and information necessary for us to develop and field test this decision support system; Robert Haack (U.S.D.A. Forest Service), R. Talbot Trotter III (U.S.D.A. Forest Service), Eckehard Brockerhoff (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Kevin Dodds (U.S.D.A. Forest Service), and four anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions on earlier drafts of this manuscript; and, all inspectors, supervisors, and data management staff at the CFIA for implementing the system. Natural Resources Canada funded the development of this system.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fournier, R.E., Turgeon, J.J. Surveillance during monitoring phase of an eradication programme against Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) guided by a spatial decision support system. Biol Invasions 19, 3013–3035 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1505-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1505-2