Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The effect of emerald ash borer-caused tree mortality on the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle and their combined effects on tree and shrub seedlings

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Biological Invasions Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Invasive insects and plants are major threats to the health and viability of North American forests. Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) (EAB) may cause extensive changes to forest composition due to rapid ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality. Invasive shrubs like Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) may benefit from EAB and have negative effects on woody seedlings. We predict that ash mortality has positive effects on seedling abundance, recruitment, and survival, but that these effects are influenced by L. maackii basal area and/or cover. We sampled 16 sites, representing a chronosequence of ash mortality throughout western Ohio. We tested whether L. maackii growth and fecundity varied in relation to ash decline. We also investigated effects of ash decline, stand basal area (BA), L. maackii BA and percent cover on woody seedling abundance, recruitment, and survival using linear mixed models evaluated with Akaike’s Information Criterion. These same responses were also investigated for four seedling groups: L. maackii, invasive plants (excluding L. maackii), shade tolerant natives, and shade intolerant natives. We found a significant positive relationship between ash decline and L. maackii BA growth. Lower seedling species richness corresponded with greater L. maackii BA and better ash condition. Greater L. maackii BA was also associated with lower seedling abundance and recruitment, as well as abundance and recruitment of shade-tolerant species, and recruitment of shade-intolerant species. Sites with poorer ash condition and greater L. maackii BA had more L. maackii seedlings. These findings indicate that the negative effects of L. maackii are more important to future forest composition than ash decline; however ash decline increases L. maackii growth, hence exacerbating the effects of this invasive shrub.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

BA:

Basal area

EAB:

Emerald ash borer

DBH:

Diameter at breast height

ADI:

Ash Decline Index

AMI:

Ash Mortality Index

References

  • Allen EA, Humble LM (2002) Nonindigenous species introductions: a threat to Canada’s forests and forest economy. Can J Plant Pathol 24:103–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anulewicz AC, McCullough DG, Cappaert DL, Poland TM (2008) Host range of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire)(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in North America: results of multiple-choice field experiments. Environ Entomol 37:230–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aplet GH, Anderson SJ, Stone CP (1991) Association between feral pig disturbances and the composition of some alien plant assemblages in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Plant Ecol 95:55–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aukema JE, McCullough DG, Von Holle B, Liebhold AM, Britton K, Frankel SJ (2010) Historical accumulation of nonindigenous forest pests in the continental United States. Bioscience 60:886–897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aukema JE, Leung B, Kovacs K, Chivers C, Britton KO, Englin J, Frankel SJ, Haight RG, Holmes TP, Liebhold AM, McCullough DG (2011) Economic impacts of non-native forest insects in the continental United States. PLoS ONE 6(9):e24587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bartón K (2016) Model selection and model averaging based on information criteria (AICc and alike), ver 1.15.6. https://cran.rproject.org/web/packages/MuMIn/MuMIn.pdf. Accessed Dec 2015

  • Bartuszevige AM, Hughes MR, Bailer AJ, Gorchov DL (2006) Weather-related patterns of fruit abscission mask patterns of frugivory. Can J Bot 84(5):869–875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S, Christensen RHB, Singmann H, Dai B, Grothendieck G, Green P (2015) Linear mixed-effects models using ‘Eigen’ and S4, ver 1.1-8. http://lme4.r-forge.r-project.org/ Accessed Dec 2015

  • Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, White JS (2009) Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 24:127–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braun EL (1961) The woody plants of Ohio: trees, shrubs, and woody climbers native, naturalized, and escaped. Ohio State University Press, Columbus

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnham KM, Lee TD (2010) Canopy gaps facilitate establishment, growth, and reproduction of invasive Frangula alnus in a Tsuga canadensis dominated forest. Biol Invasions 12:1509–1520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron GN, Culley TM, Kolbe SE, Miller AI, Matter SF (2016) Relationships between an invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii, Caprifoliaceae) and environmental factors on recruitment of sugar maple trees (Acer saccharum, Aceraceae) in southwestern Ohio. J Torrey Bot Soc 143:386–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier MH, Vankat JL, Hughes MR (2002) Diminished plant richness and abundance below Lonicera maackii, an invasive shrub. Am Midl Nat 147:60–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins S (1961) Benefits to understory from canopy defoliation by gypsy moth larvae. Ecology 42:836–838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis MA, Grime JP, Thompson K (2000) Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invasibility. J Ecol 88:528–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dorning M, Cipollini D (2006) Leaf and root extracts of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii, inhibit seed germination of three herbs with no autotoxic effects. Plant Ecol 184:287–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll AG, Angeli NF, Gorchov DL, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Freeman C (2016) The effect of treefall gaps on the spatial distribution of three invasive plants in a mature upland forest in Maryland. J Torrey Bot Soc 143:349–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn CP (1986) Shrub layer response to death of Ulmus americana in southeastern Wisconsin lowland forests. Bull Torrey Bot Club 113:142–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott KJ, Swank WT (1994) Impacts of drought on tree mortality and growth in a mixed hardwood forest. J Veg Sci 5:229–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eschtruth AK, Cleavitt NL, Battles JJ, Evans RA, Fahey TJ (2006) Vegetation dynamics in declining eastern hemlock stands: 9 years of forest response to hemlock woolly adelgid infestation. Can J For Res 36:1435–1450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi KJK, Herms DA (2010) Direct and indirect effects of alien insect herbivores on ecological processes and interactions in forests of eastern North America. Biol Invasions 12:389–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godinez-Alvarez H, Herrick JE, Mattocks M, Toledo D, Van Zee J (2009) Comparison of three vegetation monitoring methods: their relative utility for ecological assessment and monitoring. Ecol Indic 9:1001–1008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodell K, McKinney AM, Lin CH (2010) Pollen limitation and local habitat-dependent pollinator interactions in the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii. Int J Plant Sci 171:63–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorchov DL, Trisel DE (2003) Competitive effects of the invasive shrub, Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Herder (Caprifoliaceae), on the growth and survival of native tree seedlings. Plant Ecol 166:13–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorchov DL, Thompson E, O’Neill J, Whigham D, Noe DA (2011) Treefall gaps required for establishment, but not survival, of invasive Rubus phoenicolasius in deciduous forest, Maryland, USA. Plant Species Biol 26:221–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurevitch J, Howard TG, Ashton IW, Leger EA, Howe KM, Woo E, Lerdau M (2008) Effects of experimental manipulation of light and nutrients on establishment of seedlings of native and invasive woody species in Long Island, NY forests. Biol Invasions 10:821–831

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman KM, McCarthy BC (2004) Restoration of a forest understory after the removal of an invasive shrub, Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). Restor Ecol 12:154–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman KM, McCarthy BC (2007) A dendro-ecological study of forest overstorey productivity following the invasion of the non-indigenous shrub Lonicera maackii. Appl Veg Sci 10:3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hausman CE, Jaeger JF, Rocha OJ (2010) Impacts of the emerald ash borer (EAB) eradication and tree mortality: potential for a secondary spread of invasive plant species. Biol Invasions 12:2013–2023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herms DA, McCullough DG (2014) Emerald ash borer invasion of North America: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management. Annu Rev Entomol 59:13–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herms DA, Stone AK, Chatfield JA (2004) Emerald ash borer: the beginning of the end of ash in North America? In: Chatfield JA, Draper EA, Mathers HM, Dyke DE, Bennett PF, Boggs JF (eds) Ornamental plants: annual reports and research reviews 2003. OARDC/OSU extension special circular 193, pp 62–71

  • Herms DA, Gandhi KJK, Cardina J, Long RP, Knight KS, Smith A, McCullough DG (2008) Impacts of emerald ash borer-induced gap formation on forest communities. In: Mastro V, Lance D, Reardon R, Parra G (eds) Proceedings of the emerald ash borer and Asian long horned beetle research and technology development meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 23–24 Oct 2007, p 10

  • Hicks DJ, Hustin DL (1989) Response of Hamamelis virginiana L. to canopy gaps in a Pennsylvania oak forest. Amer Midl Nat 121:200–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huenneke LF (1983) Understory response to gaps caused by the death of Ulmus americana in central New York. Bull Torrey Bot Club 110:170–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson TF, Vankat JL (1997) Invasibility and effects of Amur honeysuckle in southwestern Ohio forests. Conserv Biol 11:1117–1124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson VS, Litvaitis JA, Lee TD, Frey SD (2006) The role of spatial and temporal scale in colonization and spread of invasive shrubs in early successional habitats. For Ecol Manag 228:124–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kashian DM (2016) Sprouting and seed production may promote persistence of green ash in the presence of the emerald ash borer. Ecosphere 7:4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenis M, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Roques A, Timms L, Péré C, Cock MJW, Settele J, Augustin S, Lopez-Vaamonde C (2009) Ecological effects of invasive alien insects. Biol Invasions 11:21–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klooster, WS (2012) Forest responses to emerald ash borer-induced ash mortality. PhD dissertation, The Ohio State University

  • Klooster WS, Herms DA, Knight KS, Herms CP, McCullough DG, Smith A, Gandhi KJK, Cardina J (2014) Ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality, regeneration, and seed bank dynamics in mixed hardwood forests following invasion by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). Biol Invasions 16:859–873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp LB, Canham CD (2000) Invasion of an old-growth forest in New York by Ailanthus altissima: sapling growth and recruitment in canopy gaps. J Torrey Bot Soc 307-315

  • Knight KS, Brown JP, Long RP (2013) Factors affecting the survival of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees infested by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis). Biol Invasions 15:371–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs KF, Haight RG, McCullough DG, Mercader RJ, Siegert NW, Liebhold AM (2010) Cost of potential emerald ash borer damage in US communities, 2009–2010. Ecol Econ 69:569–578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuebbing SE, Nuñez MA, Simberloff D (2013) Current mismatch between research and conservation efforts: the need to study co-occurring invasive plant species. Biol Conserv 160:121–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine JM, Vilà M, D’Antonio CM, Dukes JS, Grigulis K, Lavorel S (2003) Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions. Proc R Soc Lond B 270:775–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebhold AM, MacDonald WL, Bergdahl D, Mastro VC (1995) Invasion by exotic forest pests: a threat to forest ecosystems. For Sci Monogr 30:1–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebhold AM, McCullough DG, Blackburn LM, Frankel SJ, Von Holle B, Aukema JE (2013) A highly aggregated geographical distribution of forest pest invasions in the USA. Divers Distrib 19:1208–1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieurance D, Landsbergen K (2016) The influence of light habitat on the physiology, biomass allocation, and fecundity of the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii, Caprifoliaceae). J Torrey Bot Soc 143:415–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loo JA (2009) Ecological impacts of non-indigenous invasive fungi as forest pathogens. Biol Invasions 11:81–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Looney CE, D’Amato AW, Palik BJ, Slesak RA (2015) Overstory treatment and planting season affect survival of replacement tree species in emerald ash borer threatened Fraxinus nigra forests in Minnesota, USA. Can J For Res 45:1728–1738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovett GM, Canham CD, Arthur MA, Weathers KC, Fitzhugh RD (2006) Forest ecosystem responses to exotic pests and pathogens in eastern North America. Bioscience 56:395–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luken JO, Thieret JW (1996) Amur honeysuckle, its fall from grace. Bioscience 46:18–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luken JO, Kuddes LM, Tholemeier TC, Haller DM (1997) Comparative responses of Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) and Lindera benzoin (spicebush) to increased light. Am Midl Nat 138:331–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mack RN (1989) Temperate grasslands vulnerable to plant invasions: characteristics and consequences. In: Drake JA, Mooney HA, di Castri F et al (eds) Biological invasions: a global perspective. Wiley, Chichester, pp 155–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Maj A (2011) Goodness-of-fit measures for linear mixed models with one level of grouping, ver 1.0. http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/library/lmmfit/html/lmmR2.html. Accessed Dec 2015

  • Mazerolle M (2015) Model selection and multimodel inference base on (Q)AIC(c), ver 2.0-2. http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/AICcmodavg. Accessed Dec 2015

  • McEwan RW, Birchfield MK, Schoergendorfer A, Arthur MA (2009) Leaf phenology and freeze tolerance of the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle and potential native competitors. J Torrey Bot Soc 136:212–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa S, Schielzeth H (2013) A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol Evol 4:133–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NatureServe (2015) NatureServe explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. http://explorer.natureserve.org. Accessed 8 Mar 2016

  • Niinemets U, Valladares F (2006) Tolerance to shade, drought, and waterlogging of temperate northern hemisphere trees and shrubs. Ecol Monogr 76:521–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orwig DA, Foster DR (1998) Forest response to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA. J Torr Bot Soc 125:60–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacala SW, Canham CD, Silander JA Jr, Kobe RK (1994) Sapling growth as a function of resources in a north temperate forest. Can J For Res 24:2172–2183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer SS, Gorchov DL (2015) Effects of the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii on soil water content in eastern deciduous forest. Am Midl Nat 173:38–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poland TM, McCullough DG (2006) Emerald ash borer: invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America’s ash resource. J For 104:118–124

    Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team (2016) The R Foundation for statistical computing, ver 3.2.1. Vienna, Austria: Vienna University of Technology. http://www.r-project.org/. Accessed Jan 2016

  • Schulz KE, Wright J (2015) Reproduction of invasive Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) and the arithmetic of an extermination strategy. Restor Ecol 23:900–908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegert NW, McCullough DG, Leibhold AM, Telewski FW (2007) Resurrected from the ashes: a historical reconstruction of emerald ash borer dynamics through dendroecological analysis. In: Mastro V, Lance D, Reardon R, Parra G (eds) Proceedings of the emerald ash borer and Asian longhorned beetle research and technology development meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, 29 October–2 November 2006, FHTET-2007-04. USDA Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV, pp 18–19

  • Simberloff D (2000) Global climate change and introduced species in United States forests. Sci Total Environ 262:253–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff D (2006) Invasional meltdown 6 years later: important phenomenon, unfortunate metaphor, or both? Ecol Lett 9:912–919

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simberloff D, Von Holle B (1999) Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? Biol Invasions 1:21–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith A, Herms DA, Long RP, Gandhi KJK (2015) Community composition and structure had no effect on forest susceptibility to invasion by the emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Can. Entomol 147:318–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Strayer DL, Eviner VT, Jeschke JM, Pace ML (2006) Understanding the long-term effects of species invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 21:645–651

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • USDA APHIS (2016) United States Department of Agriculture—Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant health: emerald ash borer. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/pests-and-diseases/emerald-ash-borer/ct_emerald_ash_borer. Accessed 3 Oct 2016

  • USDA, NRCS (2016) The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC. http://plants.usda.gov. Accessed 23 Feb 2016

  • Vila M, Espinar JL, Hejda M, Hulme PE, Jarošik V, Maron JL, Pergl J, Schaffner U, Sun Y, Pyšek P (2011) Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecol Lett 14:702–708

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster CR, Jenkins MA, Jose S (2006) Woody invaders and the challenges they pose to forest ecosystems in the eastern United States. J For 104:366–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildman RH (2008) Ohio’s forest resources, 2006. Res. Note. NRS-22 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newton Square, PA

  • Woods KD (1993) Effects of invasion by Lonicera tatarica L. on herbs and tree seedlings in four New England forests. Am Midl Nat 130:62–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank the land managers of the study sites for permitting access and allowing this work to be conducted within the research plots. We thank the following funding sources: Botanical Society of America Graduate Student Research Award, Sigma Xi, and the Academic Challenge programs of the Miami University Botany and Biology Departments. We thank the many field technicians that assisted in data collection and entry. In particular we would like to thank Erik DeBurgomaster, Matt Higham, Dane Weeks, Gary Hoven, Justin Hoven, Britton Flash, Charles Flower, Robert Ford, Tim Fox, Benjamin Gombash, Rachel Hefflinger, Sagar Jasani, Joan Jolliff, Parker Jones, Scott Kelsey, Tom Macy, Mike Marshall, Elizabeth Monarch, Zak Morvay, Rachel Kappler, Sarah Starr, Samuel Stroebel, Joel Throckmorton, and Bernadette Wiggin. Long-term monitoring plot data collection was supported by the USDA Forest Service and USDA APHIS. We also thank Annemarie Smith, Daniel A. Herms, Robert P. Long, and Kamal J.K. Gandhi for allowing us to use their figure in Appendix 3, and two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA

    Brian M. Hoven & David L. Gorchov

  2. USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, USA

    Kathleen S. Knight

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA

    Brian M. Hoven & Valerie E. Peters

Authors
  1. Brian M. Hoven
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David L. Gorchov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kathleen S. Knight
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Valerie E. Peters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brian M. Hoven.

Appendices

Appendix 1

See Table 2.

Table 2 Location and summary data for 48 plots (16 sites) for data collection on EAB-caused ash decline and woody plant growth responses in central and southwestern Ohio, USA (2012–2014)
Full size table

Appendix 2

See Fig. 5.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Three circular 400 m2 plots were nested within each of the 16 sites. Within the plot all canopy trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were identified and DBH was annually measured, additionally the health of each ash was assessed (Appendix 3). Nested within each site was a 200 m2 sub-plot (circular dashed line) where percent cover of Lonicera maackii was measured annually. Additionally, up to eight L. maackii shrubs (two per quadrant) were tagged, basal diameter and fecundity was measured. Within the four 4 m2 micro-plots located in each cardinal direction 6 m from the center of each plot all tree and shrub seedlings (20–100 cm) were identified, tagged, and their height was measured. All measurements were conducted in 2012, 2013, and 2014

Full size image

Appendix 3

See Fig. 6.

Fig. 6
figure 6

Ash canopy (>10 cm DBH) health condition scale from Smith et al. (2015). Photo credit: Daniel A. Herms, The Ohio State University. Rating Scale Definitions: 1 a healthy full canopy; 2 thinning canopy, all topmost branches exposed to sunlight have leaves; 3 dieback is evident, thinning canopy, some topmost branches exposed to sunlight are dead (leafless); 4 dieback has occurred on more than 50% of the canopy; 5 canopy completely dead, entire canopy portion of the tree is dead (leafless), epicormics sprouts along the bole do not count

Full size image

Appendix 4

See Table 3.

Table 3 All seedling species encountered in micro-plots in 16 sites located in central and southwestern Ohio, USA (2012–2014)
Full size table

Appendix 5

See Fig. 7

Fig. 7
figure 7

Frequency distribution of shade tolerance scores (Niinemets and Valladares 2006) for native tree and shrub seedlings 20–100 cm tall censused in 16 deciduous forest sites in Ohio invaded by EAB and Lonicera maackii. We classified those ranked 1–2.99 as shade intolerant and those ranked (3–5) as shade tolerant

Full size image

Appendix 6

See Table 4.

Table 4 Model comparison results for models testing the effect of EAB-caused ash decline and Lonicera maackii BA and cover on the response of L. maackii fecundity, and for models testing these predictor variables in conjunction with stand density on the response of relative L. maackii seedling growth
Full size table

Appendix 7

See Table 5.

Table 5 Model comparison results for models testing the effect of EAB-caused ash decline, stand BA, and Lonicera maackii BA and cover on woody seedling species richness (2012–2014) and abundance (2012) of all seedlings and four subsets of seedlings
Full size table

Appendix 8

See Table 6.

Table 6 Model comparison results for models testing the effect of EAB-caused ash decline, stand BA, and Lonicera maackii BA and cover on woody seedling recruitment (2013 and 2014) of all seedlings and four subsets of seedlings
Full size table

Appendix 9

See Table 7.

Table 7 Model comparison results for models testing the effect of EAB-caused ash decline, stand BA, and Lonicera maackii BA and cover on woody seedling survival (2012–2014) of all seedlings and four subsets of seedlings
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hoven, B.M., Gorchov, D.L., Knight, K.S. et al. The effect of emerald ash borer-caused tree mortality on the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle and their combined effects on tree and shrub seedlings. Biol Invasions 19, 2813–2836 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1485-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1485-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation