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What can the geographic distribution of mtDNA haplotypes tell us about the invasion of New Zealand by house mice Mus musculus?

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Abstract

We mapped the distribution and diversity of mitochondrial D-loop haplotypes among 502 New Zealand house mice (Mus musculus). By widespread sampling from 74 sites, we identified 14 new haplotypes. We used Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions to estimate the genetic relationships between the New Zealand representatives of Mus musculus domesticus (all six known clades) and M. m. castaneus (clade HG2), and mice from other locales. We defined four distinct geographic regions of New Zealand with differing haplotype diversity indices. Our Results suggest (a) two independent pre-1840 invasions by mice of different origin (domesticus clade E and castaneus clade HG2) at opposite ends of the country; (b) multiple later invasions by domesticus clades E and F accompanying the post-1840 development of New Zealand port facilities in the central regions, plus limited local incursions by domesticus clades A, B, C and D1; (c) a separate invasion of Chatham I. by castaneus clade HG2; (d) previously undescribed New Zealand haplotypes, potentially the products of localised indigenous mutation, and (e) hybridisation between different lineages.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Paul Jamieson for allowing us to re-sequence his stored collections, and Max Oulton for drawing the maps (Figs. 1, 2). The retrieving and resampling of the stored mice was done with the help of Ken Ayers. Representative samples to complete the South Island survey were contributed by Colin Bishop, Mike Bowie, Leon Dalziel, Terry Farrell, Tony Fortune, Ian Gamble, Peter Lawn, Kathryn Murdoch, James Reardon, Kirsty Owens and other DOC staff and volunteers. Sequences were generated by John Longmore of the University of Waikato DNA Sequencing Facility, and Ecogene (Auckland). We thank Jeremy Searle and Eleanor Jones for help in checking earlier versions of this MS. The study was funded by the University of Waikato Strategic Investment Fund, courtesy Prof Bruce Clarkson, Dean of the Faculty of Science and Engineering, with contributions from Lincoln University. We thank the Oregon State University Center for Genomics Research and Biocomputing and the Advanced Computing Facility (ACF) staff at The University of Kansas for their support with our high performance computing. We keenly appreciate the detailed, searching reviews provided by the Editor and two referees.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand

    Carolyn King, Tanya Chubb, Ray Cursons, Helen McCormick & Heng Zhang

  2. Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA

    Alana Alexander

  3. Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, 97365, USA

    Alana Alexander

  4. Tanya Blackburn, PO Box 1020, Waikato Mail Centre, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand

    Tanya Chubb

  5. Wildland Consultants Ltd., PO Box 46-299, Herne Bay, Auckland, 1011, New Zealand

    Jamie MacKay

  6. Epigenetics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia

    Helen McCormick

  7. Department of Ecology, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand

    Elaine Murphy

  8. Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand

    Andrew Veale

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  1. Carolyn King
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Correspondence to Carolyn King.

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Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 16 kb)

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Supplementary Fig. 1

The Mus musculus domesticus tree represented in Fig. 3, with tips labelled with GenBank/NZ haplotype codes and clade names given as comments. Blue branches lead to clades with greater than or equal to 0.95 posterior probability. (PDF 187 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 2

Phylogenetic tree for M. m. castaneus represented in Fig. 4, with branch tips labelled by Genbank codes/NZ haplotype names and clades indicated by comments. Blue branches lead to clades with greater than or equal to 0.95 posterior probability. (PDF 25 kb)

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King, C., Alexander, A., Chubb, T. et al. What can the geographic distribution of mtDNA haplotypes tell us about the invasion of New Zealand by house mice Mus musculus?. Biol Invasions 18, 1551–1565 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1100-y

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