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Aquaculture as a vector for marine invasions in California

Biological Invasions volume 17, pages 1471–1484 (2015)Cite this article

Abstract

Although ballast water and hull fouling are widely recognized as important vectors for marine invasions, the risk posed by commercial aquaculture remains poorly quantified. To understand the importance of aquaculture as an invasion vector in California, we conducted an analysis of both current and historical introductions of marine and estuarine species associated with aquaculture using a comprehensive database (‘NEMESIS’) and permitting records for species imported into California. Our results showed that 126 non-native species associated with commercial aquaculture have been reported from California waters and 106 of these have become established. The vast majority are unintentional introductions linked to historical importation practices of the aquaculture industry. To understand the consequences of these invasions, we reviewed the literature on the impacts of mollusk and algal species introduced into California via aquaculture. Of the few studies we found, the majority demonstrated negative impacts on native species. Finally and significantly, we found that changes in aquaculture importation practices over the past decade have resulted in most shellfish currently being imported as larvae or juveniles. Consequently, rates of unintentional introductions have been reduced. We cautiously conclude that current aquaculture importation in California represents a minor risk as a vector for introductions of NIS.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center’s Marine Invasions Research Laboratory and in particular G. Ruiz, B. Steves and P. Fofonoff, for facilitating access to the NEMESIS California database. We would also like to thank the many state and federal agency officials who volunteered their time and effort for our work including K. Holzer, J. Moore and K. Ramey. We also thank the Executive Director (S. McAfee) and staff of the Ocean Science Trust (R. Gentry, E. Kramer-Wilt) for facilitating the project and coordinating project investigators. This work was supported by the California Ocean Protection Council through Proposition 84 funds as well as additional support from the California Ocean Science Trust.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Edwin D. Grosholz & Chela J. Zabin

  2. Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    R. Eliot Crafton & Rachel E. Fontana

  3. Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, PO Box 247, Bodega Bay, CA, 94923, USA

    Rachel E. Fontana, Jae R. Pasari & Susan L. Williams

  4. Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA

    Rachel E. Fontana

  5. Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Tiburon, CA, 94920, USA

    Chela J. Zabin

Authors
  1. Edwin D. Grosholz
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  2. R. Eliot Crafton
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  3. Rachel E. Fontana
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  4. Jae R. Pasari
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  5. Susan L. Williams
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  6. Chela J. Zabin
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Correspondence to Edwin D. Grosholz.

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Grosholz, E.D., Crafton, R.E., Fontana, R.E. et al. Aquaculture as a vector for marine invasions in California. Biol Invasions 17, 1471–1484 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0808-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0808-9

Keywords

  • Invasive
  • Marine
  • Aquaculture
  • Vector
  • Impacts
  • California