Abstract
Accurate monitoring of dissolved oxygen (DO) is vital for aerobic fermentation process control. This work presents an autoclavable Micro-Dissolved oxygen Sensor (MDS) that can monitor real time DO. The proposed sensor is much cheaper to be manufactured (< $35) and can be adapted to varying measurement environments. An ultra-micropore matrix was created using femtosecond laser processing technology to reduce flow dependency of probe signals. The validity of the proposed DO sensor was verified by testing it under different DO levels. The result revealed consistency between the new designed sensor and a commercial DO sensor. The obtained sensitivity was− 7.93 μA·L·mg−1 (MDS with ultra-micropore matrix). Moreover, the MDS can function without an oxygen-permeable membrane and a solid electrolyte was used which reduced the response time (4.6 s). For real-time monitoring, the stability of the MDS was validated during a yeast batch fermentation carried out until 18 h.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- \(k_{DO}\) :
-
First order rate constant for DO probe model (s−1)
- \(c_{{l,O_{2} }}\) :
-
Oxygen concentration near the surface of DO sensor
- \(c_{{s,O_{2} }}\) :
-
Oxygen concentration inside the sensor
- \(c_{DO}\) :
-
Output of the DO sensor
- \(\tau_{e}\) :
-
Response time
- \(I_{relative}\) :
-
Relative value of current to characterize flow dependence
- \(Current_{{rpm_{i} }}\) :
-
The measured current of sensors under different rotation speeds
- \(Current_{{max \in rpm_{i} }}\) :
-
The maximum current of \(Current_{{rpm_{i} }}\)
- \(X_{{CO_{2} ,out}}\) :
-
Volume fraction of CO2 in off-gas
- \(X_{{CO_{2} ,in}}\) :
-
Volume fraction of CO2 in off-gas
- \(X_{{O_{2} ,in}}\) :
-
Volume fraction of O2 in air
- \(X_{{O_{2} ,out}}\) :
-
Volume fraction of O2 in air
- \(F_{in} \;{\text{and}}\;F_{out}\) :
-
Volumetric flow rate of inlet air and outlet off-gas under standard condition
- \(V_{broth}\) :
-
Volume of the broth in bioreactor
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Supporting Information
Supplementary Figure 1—Validation of the Nafion MDS under (a) 2.5-10 % Citric acid; (b) 2.5-10 % Lactic acid; (c) 2.5-10 % Malic acid; (d) 2.5-10 % Ethanol; (e) pH 0-14; (f) 15-55 °C.
Supplementary Figure 2—Linear characterizations of sensors every 5 times autoclaves for a total of 50 times autoclaves.
Funding
This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFC2101100).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Specific contributions are as follows: Conceptualization and writing—review and editing, XJ and ZY; methodology, FM and CW; writing—original draft preparation, FM; software and hardware, GZ and WH. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Fan, M., Gu, Z., Chen, W. et al. Micro-electrochemical DO sensor with ultra-micropore matrix fabricated with femtosecond laser processing successfully applied in on-line DO monitoring for yeast culture. Biotechnol Lett 45, 449–461 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-023-03348-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-023-03348-0