Abstract
The present study was aimed to the investigate the protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and intralipid (IL) on hepatotoxicity and pancreatic injury caused by acute dichlorvos (D) intoxication in rats. Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups each containing seven rats except control groups. The groups included control, D, CAPE, IL, D + CAPE, D + IL, and D + CAPE + IL. Total antioxidant status and total oxidative stress levels were measured by automated colorimetric assay. Tissues were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Tissues were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin by using standard protocols. Also, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 were evaluated by immunohistochemical method in liver tissue. Total oxidant status in control, CAPE, and IL groups were significantly lower, and total antioxidant status in the D + CAPE, D + IL, and D + IL + CAPE groups were significantly higher compared to the D group. CAPE and IL treatment decreased the apoptotic and mitotic cell count in liver tissue. Parenchymal necrosis caused by dichlorvos is observed in pancreas tissues of rats. Mild congestion and edema formation occurred in pancreas tissues following D + CAPE and D + IL therapies. These results indicate that CAPE and IL have the potential to decrease oxidative stress and hepatic and pancreatic injuries caused by acute dichlorvos intoxication. These drugs can be considered as a new method for supportive and protective therapy against pesticide intoxication.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CAPE:
-
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester
- IL:
-
Intralipid
- D:
-
Dichlorvos
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
- OPPs:
-
Organophosphate pesticides
- AchE:
-
Acetylcholinesterase
- TAS:
-
Total antioxidant status
- TOS:
-
Total oxidant status
References
Abass Askar K, Caleb Kudi A, John Moody A (2011) Spontaneous reactivation and aging kinetics of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by dichlorvos and diazinon. J Toxicol Sci 36:237–241
Alp H, Aytekin I, Esen H, Basarali K, Kul S (2011) Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, ellagic acid, sulforaphane and curcumin on diazinon induced damage to the lungs, liver and kidneys in an acute toxicity rat model. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 17:927–933
Alp H, Sak ME, Evsen MS (2012) Effects of Malathion in fetal kidney tissues in pregnant rats: teratogenic effects induced by different doses. Int J Clin Exp Med 18:221–226
Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Hassoun EA, Stohs SJ (1995) In vitro and in vivo generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage and lactate dehydrogenase leakage by selected pesticides. Toxicology 104:129–140
Basarslan S, Alp H, Senol S, Evliyaoglu O, Ozkan U (2014) Is intralipid fat emulsion a promising therapeutic strategy on neurotoxicity induced by malathion in rats? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 18:471–476
Cao J, Zhang X, Wang Q, Jia L, Zhang Y, Zhao X (2012) Influence of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 31:617–625
Celik I, Suzek H (2009) Effects of subacute exposure of dichlorvos at sublethal dosages on erythrocyte and tissue antioxidant defense systems and lipid peroxidation in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72:905–908
Dere E, Özdikicioğlu F, Tosunoğlu H (2007) İntraperitonal diklorvos uygulamasının sıçanların (rattus norvegicus) bazı dokularında glukoz 6-fosfat dehidrogenaz ve malat dehidrogenaz aktiviteleri üzerine etkisi 33: 5–10
Dharmani C, Jaga K (2005) Epidemiology of acute organophosphate poisoning in hospital emergency room patients. Rev Environ Health 20:215–232
Dressel TD, Goodale RL Jr, Hunninghake DB, Borner JW (1979) Sensitivity of the canine pancreatic intraductal pressure to subclinical reduction in cholinesterase acitivity. Ann Surg 190:6–12
Duarte T, Martin C, Baud FJ, Laprévote O, Houzé P (2012) Follow up studies on the respiratory pattern and total cholinesterase activities in dichlorvos-poisoned rats. Toxicol Lett 213:142–150
Dutta HM, Meijer HJ (2003) Sublethal effects of diazinon on the structure of the testis of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus: a microscopic analysis. Environ Pollut 125:355–360
Erel O (2004) A novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radical reactions. Clin Biochem 37:112–119
Erel O (2005) A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 38:1103–1111
Fiore M, Mattiuzzo M, Mancuso G, Totta P, Degrassi F (2013) The pesticide dichlorvos disrupts mitotic division by delocalizing the kinesin Kif2a from centrosomes. Environ Mol Mutagen 54:250–260
Gokalp O, Buyukvanlı B, Cicek E, Ozer MK, Koyu A, Altuntas I (2005) The effects of diazinon on pancreatic damage and ameliorating role of vitamin E and vitamin C. Pestic Biochem Physiol 81:123–128
Gokcimen A, Gulle K, Demirin H, Bayram D, Kocak A, Altuntas I (2007) Effects of diazinon at different doses on rat liver and pancreas tissues. Pestic Biochem Physiol 87:103–108
Gunay N, Kose B, Demiryurek S, Ceylan NO, Sari I, Demiryurek AT (2010) Protective effects of Y-27632 on acute dichlorvos poisoning in rats. Am J Emerg Med 28:268–274
Harun A, Aytekin İ, Atakişi O, Metin O (2011) Ratlarda Akut Malathion Toksisitesinin Neden Olduğu Oksidatif Stres Üzerine. Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 6:117–124
He X-H, Wu J-Y, Li C-S, Su Z-Y, Ji X-F, Han Y (2012) Evaluation of respiratory dysfunction in a pig model of severe acute dichlorvos poisoning. Chin Med J 125:3612–3618
Kesik V, Guven A, Vurucu S, Tunc T, Uysal B, Gundogdu G (2009) Melatonin and 1400 W ameliorate both intestinal and remote organ injury following mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. J Surg Res 157:97–105
Nilufer Yonguc G, Dodurga Y, Kurtulus A, Boz B, Acar K (2012) Caspase 1, caspase 3, TNF-alpha, p53, and Hif1-alpha gene expression status of the brain tissues and hippocampal neuron loss in short-term dichlorvos exposed rats. Mole Biol Rep 39:10355–10360
Ogutcu A, Suludere Z, Kalender Y (2008) Dichlorvos-induced hepatotoxicity in rats and the protective effects of vitamins C and E. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 26:355–361
Okamura A, Kamijima M, Shibata E et al (2005) A comprehensive evaluation of the testicular toxicity of dichlorvos in Wistar rats. Toxicology 213:129–137
Onur OE, Guneysel O, Akoglu H, Denizbasi A, Onur E (2007) Adrenomedullin reduces the severity of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Peptides 28:2179–2183
Oral B, Guney M, Demirin H et al (2006) Endometrial damage and apoptosis in rats induced by dichlorvos and ameliorating effect of antioxidant Vitamins E and C. Reprod Toxicol 22:783–790
Ozkan U, Osun A, Basarslan K, Senol S, Kaplan I, Alp H (2014) Effects of intralipid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and acetylcholinesterase activity in acute chlorpyriphos intoxication. Int J Clin Exp Med 7:837–846
Poisoning AAoCtAHCottGfm, Barceloux DG, Randall-Bond G, Krenzelok EP, Cooper H, Allister-Vale J (2002) American Academy of Clinical Toxicology practice guidelines on the treatment of methanol poisoning. Clin Toxicol 40:415–446
Qujeq D, Roushan T, Norouzy A, Habibi-Rezaei M, Mehdinejad-Shani M (2011) Effects of dichlorvos and carbaryl on the activity of free and immobilized acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol Ind Health 28:291–295
Sarıtaş A, Çakır Z, Aslan Ş (2007) Organofosfat ve karbamat zehirlenmeleri. Eurasian J Med 39:55–59
Silfeler I, Alp H, Ozgur T, Evlioglu O, Celik M, Er M et al (2013) Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on dose-dependent intoxication of rats with paraquat. Toxicol Ind Health 4:15–24
Slotkin TA, Levin ED, Seidler FJ (2006) Comparative developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate insecticides: effects on brain development are separable from systemic toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 114:746–751
Tuzcu K, Alp H, Ozgur T et al (2014) Oral intralipid emulsion use: a novel therapeutic approach to pancreatic β-cell injury caused by malathion toxicity in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 37:261–267
Tuzmen N, Candan N, Kaya E, Demiryas N (2008) Biochemical effects of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin on altered antioxidative defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Cell Biochem Funct 26:119–124
Virlos I, Mazzon E, Serraino I, Di Paola R, Genovese T, Britti D (2003) Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate reduces the severity of cerulein-induced murine acute pancreatitis. Shock. 20:544–550
Woo O (1999) Organophosphates and carbamates. Poisoning and Drug Overdose Stanford, Appleton & Lange, Connecticut
Yadav P, Jadhav SE, Kumar V, Kaul KK, Pant SC, Flora SJ (2012) Protective efficacy of 2-PAMCl, atropine and curcumin against dichlorvos induced toxicity in rats. Interdiscip Toxicol 5:1–8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alp, H., Pinar, N., Dokuyucu, R. et al. Protective Effects of Intralipid and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) on Hepatotoxicity and Pancreatic Injury Caused by Dichlorvos in Rats. Biochem Genet 54, 803–815 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-016-9757-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-016-9757-6