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Estimating urban seismic damages and debris from building-level simulations: application to the city of Beirut, Lebanon

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Abstract

The estimation of seismic damages and debris at the urban scale—at a building-by-building level- is challenging for several reasons. First, commonly used methodologies for seismic damage estimation rarely take into account the local site effects, precisely at the building-level. Second, the available methods for debris estimation fail to estimate at the same time the quantity of debris generated per building according to its damage level and the distribution of the debris (extent and height) around buildings. Finally, the lack of comprehensive data on the building stock and the relevant building properties and their taxonomy further increases the complexity of assessing possible earthquake consequences at an urban scale. This paper addresses these challenges and proposes improvements to the assessment of seismic damages and debris from building-level simulations, along with the development of a 3D building model based on satellite images and heterogeneous data. These developments, applied to the city of Beirut, Lebanon, highlight the control of the site effects on the seismic damage’s spatial distribution throughout the city and the large volume and extent of debris to be expected in the city for a strong earthquake.

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Notes

  1. https://www.intelligence-airbusds.com/imagery/constellation/pleiades/

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for taking the necessary time and effort to review the manuscript. We also would like to thank the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) that kindly provided the set of very high-resolution Pleiades 1-B satellite images covering Beirut through the DINAMIS project. We also would like to thank Kamel Allaw for his contribution in the satellite images treatment.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Agency under the Future Investments program bearing the reference ANR-15-IDEX-02, the grant N°ANR-17-CE03-0007–03, the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie through the PCSI program and the International Research Network O-Life between Lebanon and France (SA16/22).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ISTerre, 38000, Grenoble, France

    Rouba Iskandar, Bilal Al Tfaily, Cécile Cornou, Pierre-Yves Bard, Bertrand Guillier, Pascal Lacroix & Christelle Salameh

  2. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Science Po Grenoble, PACTE, 38000, Grenoble, France

    Rouba Iskandar & Elise Beck

  3. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP*, LIG, 38000, Grenoble, France

    Rouba Iskandar & Julie Dugdale

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Notre Dame Louaize, NDU, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon

    Jacques Harb

  5. Department of Geography, Univ. Saint-Joseph, CREEMO, Beirut, Lebanon

    Jocelyne Adjizian-Gérard, Nada Saliba & Rita Zaarour

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  1. Rouba Iskandar
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Damage estimation: RI, BA-T, P-YB, BG, CC, JH and CS. Debris estimation: JH, P-YB, BG, CC, JD and RI. Acquisition of data: PL, JA-G, NS and RZ. Analysis and interpretation of satellite images data: PL and RI. Supervision EB, CC and JD. The first draft of the manuscript was written by RI and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rouba Iskandar.

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Supplementary Information

Appendix

Appendix

See Figs. 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28.

Fig. 21
figure 21

Damage state probabilities depending on the mean damage value for buildings class 1

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Fig. 22
figure 22

Damage state probabilities depending on the mean damage value for buildings class 2

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Fig. 23
figure 23

Damage state probabilities depending on the mean damage value for buildings class 3

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Fig. 24
figure 24

Distribution of the characteristics of the buildings in Beirut surveyed in the framework of the LIBRIS project. a Number of floors, b construction year and c typology

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Fig. 25
figure 25

Distribution of the characteristics of the subset of buildings in Beirut retained for the statistical analysis (LIB-STAT). a Number of floors, b construction year and c typology

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Fig. 26
figure 26

Geolocalisation incompatibilities between the LIBRIS buildings (purple) and the OSM buildings (orange)

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Fig. 27
figure 27

Preview of one of the Pleiades 1-B panchromatic satellite images taken over Beirut

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Fig. 28
figure 28

Detailed comparison of the distribution of the characteristics of the original and predicted characteristics of the LIB-STAT dataset. a Original number of floors distribution, b Predicted number of floors distribution, c Original construction period distribution, d Predicted number of floors distribution, e Original typology distribution, f Predicted typology distribution

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Iskandar, R., Al Tfaily, B., Cornou, C. et al. Estimating urban seismic damages and debris from building-level simulations: application to the city of Beirut, Lebanon. Bull Earthquake Eng 21, 5949–5990 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-023-01768-x

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