Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Damage control of the masonry infills in RC frames under cyclic loads: a full-scale test study and numerical analyses

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of damage control methods on the seismic performance of masonry infilled walls in reinforced concrete (RC) frames, by experimentally investigating three full-scale infilled RC frames with different treatment details and finite element method (FEM) analysis. The control methods included full-length connecting steel rebars, styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) sliding layers, and two gaps between the wall and frame columns. The results indicated that the ductility, wall damage, and residual deformation of the frame with gaps or SBS layers were significantly improved. However, the initial stiffness, energy dissipation capacity, and lateral load-carrying capacity of the frames with SBS sliding layers all were reduced. The fully infilled frames exhibited a better lateral load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity, but presented larger lateral residual deformation and lower ductility. The damage of the infilled walls in RC frames can be controlled by using longer connecting rebars. The gaps and sliding layers can both significantly reduce the in-plane damage of the walls. A simplified FEM model was proposed and applied to conduct a parametric analysis for an in-depth study of fully infilled RC frames with and without sliding layers. The results show that SBS is the optimal sliding layer material, and its optimal spacing in RC frames is recommended as 1000 mm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

Acp :

Collapsed and crushed area of infilled walls

Ap :

Total area of the infilled wall of RC frames

b:

Width of section

bf :

Width of flange

F:

Lateral load

h:

Total thickness of section

hf :

Total thickness of the flange

K:

Unloading stiffness

Kint :

Initial stiffness

Ky :

Yielding stiffness

Rres :

Lateral residual deformation

Vmax :

Maximum lateral load

W:

Maximum strain energy of a given cycle

CC:

Corner crushing mode

SS:

Sliding shear mode

DC:

Diagonal compression mode

DK:

Diagonal cracking mode

FF:

Frame failure mode

Δy :

Yielding displacement

Δmax :

Maximum displacement

Δu :

Ultimate displacement

μmax :

Maximum ductility

μu :

Ultimate ductility

δ:

Lateral deformation

δu :

Inter-story drift ratio

δR :

Residual deformation

υeq :

Fraction of critical damping

ΔW:

Energy loss per cycle in sinusoidal vibration

γ:

Wall collapse ratio

References

  • Abaqus GUI (2011) Abaqus 6.11. Users Manual 6.11

  • Abdulla KF, Cunningham LS, M GIllie, (2017) Simulating masonry wall behaviour using a simplified micro-model approach. Eng Struct 151:349–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Chaar GK (1998) Non-ductile behavior of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infill panels subjected to in-plane loading. The University of Illinois,  Chicago

  • Aliaari M, Memari AM (2005) Analysis of masonry infilled steel frames with seismic isolator subframes. Eng Struct 27(4):487–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolomeo Pantò I, Caliò, Paulo B, Lourenço (2017) Seismic safety evaluation of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames using macro modelling approach. Bull Earthq Eng 15(9):3871–3895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai G, Su Q, Cai H (2017) Seismic behaviour of full-scale hollow bricks-infilled RC frames under cyclic loads. Bull Earthq Eng 15(7):2981–3012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai GC, Su QW (2019) Effect of infills on seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame structures—a full-scale experimental study. J Earthquake Eng 23(9):1531–1559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campilho RD, De Moura M, Domingues J (2008) Using a cohesive damage model to predict the tensile behaviolur of CFRP single-straprepairs. Int J Solids Struct 45(5):497–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carreira DJ, Chu KH (1985) Stress-strain relationship for plain concrete in compression. J Am Concr Inst 82(6):797–804

    Google Scholar 

  • Carreira DJ, Chu KH (1986) Stress-strain relationship for reinforced concrete in tension. J Am Concr Inst 83(1):121–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa A, Miranda Guedes J, Varum H (2014) Structural rehabilitation of old buildings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dhir PK, Tubaldi E, Ahmadi H (2021) Numerical modelling of reinforced concrete frames with masonry infills and rubber joints. Eng Struct 246:112833

  • Du Beton CE-I (1996) RC frames under earthquake loading: state of the art report. Telford, London

  • El-dakhakhni WW, Asce SM, Elgaaly M, Asce F, Hamid AA (2003) Three-strut model for concrete masonry-infilled steel frames. J Struct Eng 129(2):177–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erol G, Karadogan HF (2016) Seismic strengthening of infilled reinforced concrete frames by CFRP. Compos Part B Eng 91:473–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goncalves AMN, Guerreiro LMC, Candeias P, Ferreira JG, Campos Costa A (2018) Characterization of reinforced timber masonry walls in ‘Pombalino’ buildings with dynamic tests. Eng Struct 166:93–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamid AA, El-dakhakhni WW, Asce M, Hakam ZHR, Elgaaly M, Asce F (2005) Behavior of composite unreinforced masonry—fiber-reinforced polymer wall assemblages under in-plane loading. J Compos Constr 9(1):73–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivo C, Bartolomeo P (2014) A macro-element modelling approach of infilled frame structures. Comput Struct 143:91–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen LS (1960) Damping in composite structures. In: Proceedings of the 2nd world conference on earthquake engineering, 2, pp 1029–1044

  • Lee J, Fenves GL (1998) Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures. J Eng Mech 124(8):892–900

    Google Scholar 

  • Lourenço PB (1996) Computational strategies for masonry structures, Thesis PhD 1996. www.civil.uminho.pt/masonry

  • Lubliner J, Oliver J, Oller S, Onate E (1989) A plastic-damage model for concrete. Int J Solids Struct 25(3):299–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mander JB, Aycardi LE, Kim DK (1994) Physical and analytical modeling of brick infilled steel frames. Technical Report, NCEER 94 – 0004, Buffalo

  • Mehrabi BA, Shing PB, Michael PS, James LN (1996) Experimental evaluation of masonry-infilled RC frames. J Struct Eng 122(3):228–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the PRC (2002) Standard for test method of mechanical properties on ordinary concrete (GB/T 50081 – 2002).  China Building industry press, Beijing

  • Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the PRC (2010) Code for design of concrete sructures (GB50010-2010). Standards press of China, Beijing

  • Ministry of Housing and urban-Rural Development of the PRC (2009) standard for test method of performance on building mortar(JGJ/T70-2009). China Building industry press, Beijing

  • Moghadam HA, Mohammadi M, Gh, Ghaemian M (2006) Experimental and analytical investigation into crack strength determination of infilled steel frames. Constr Steel Res 12(62):1341–1352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pam H, Kwan A, Islam MS (2001) Flexural strength and ductility of reinforced normal-and high-strength concrete beams. Proc Inst Civil Eng Struct Build 146(4):381–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulay T, Priestley MN (1992) Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings. Wiley

  • Perera R, Gómez S, Alarcón E (2004) Experimental and analytical study of masonry infill reinforced concrete frames retrofitted with steel braces. J Struct Eng 130(32):2032–2039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preti M, Bettini N, Migliorati L, Bolis V, Stavridis A, Plizzari GA (2016) Analysis of the in-plane response of earthen masonry infill panels partitioned by sliding joints. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 45(8):1209–1232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preti M, Neffati M, Bolis V (2018) Earthen masonry infill walls: use of wooden boards as sliding joints for seismic resistance. Constr Build Mater 184:100–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preti M, Bolis V, Stavridis A (2019) Seismic infill–frame interaction of masonry walls partitioned with horizontal sliding joints: analysis and simplified modeling. J Earthq Eng 23(10):1651–1677

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proença JM, Gago AS, Costa AV (2012) Strengthening of masonry wall load bearing structures with reinforced plastering mortar solution. Proceedings of the 15th world conference on earthquake engineering No. 2004, pp 1–10

  • Sahota MK, Riddington JR (2001) Experimental investigation into using lead to reduce vertical load transfer in infilled frames. Eng Struct 23(1):94–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sevil T, Baran M, Bilir T, Canbay E (2011) Use of steel fiber reinforced mortar for seismic strengthening. Constr Build Mater 25(2):892–899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soti R, Barbosa AR, Stavridis A (2014) Numerical modeling of URM infill walls retrofitted with embedded reinforcing steel. 10th U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering: Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering, Anchorage, Alaska

  • State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine (2018) Steel for the reinforcedment of concrete—part 2: hot rolled ribbed bars (GB/T 1499.2–2018). Standards press of China, Beijing

  • Triantafillou TC (1998) Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using epoxy-bonded FRP composites. ACI Struct J 95(2):107–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Triwiyono A, Nugroho ASB, Firstyadi AD, Ottama F (2015) Flexural strength and ductility of concrete brick masonry wall strengthened using steel reinforcement. Proc Eng 12:940–947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uva G, Raffaele D, Porco F, Fiore A (2012) On the role of equivalent strut models in the seismic assessment of infilled RC buildings. Eng Struct 42:83–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YY (2020) Abaqus analysis user’s guide: element. China Machine Press, Beijing (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang FC, Kang TB, Yang YS, Lu S (2015) Seismic behaviour of the wall-frame structure infilled with rubber concrete brick. J Shengyang Jianzhu Univ 31(4):661–670 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • William KJ, Warnke EP (1974) Constitutive model for the triaxial behavior of concrete. Proceedings of the International Association for Bridge and Structural engineering, pp 1–30

  • Yaman TS, Canbay E (2014) Seismic strengthening of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames with steel- fibre-reinforced mortar. ICE Proc Struct Build 167(1):3–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang W, Ou J (2011) A method of improving global seismic capacity based on failure-controlled of infill walls for infilled structures. Build Struct 41(8):34–39 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanhua Y, Weimin S et al (2004) Experimental study on seismic behaviors of hollow block wall filled with foaming concrete. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 24(5):154–158 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yun Z, Yangzhao G, Yifa L et al (2014) Experimental study on seismic behavior of damped masonry in-filled reinforced concrete frame structures with SBS layers. China Civil Eng J 47(9):21–28 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Yun G, Yangzhao L, Yifa et al (2013) Experimental study on the performances of damped infill wall unit. China Civil Eng J 46(5):56–63 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors thank the support from the science and technology fund of Chengdu fourth construction engineering of CDCEG, CCCC tunnel engineering company limited (2021 R110121H01083).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Qiwang Su

  2. International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

    Gaochuang Cai, Amir Si Larbi & Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis

  3. Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon – ENISE, LTDS, CNRS UMR 5513, 58 Rue Jean Parot, 42000, Saint-Etienne, France

    Gaochuang Cai & Amir Si Larbi

  4. State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

    Meree Hani

  5. Department of Engineering, School of Science & Technology, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0HB, UK

    Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis

Authors
  1. Qiwang Su
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gaochuang Cai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Meree Hani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amir Si Larbi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gaochuang Cai.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Su, Q., Cai, G., Hani, M. et al. Damage control of the masonry infills in RC frames under cyclic loads: a full-scale test study and numerical analyses. Bull Earthquake Eng 21, 1017–1045 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01565-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01565-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation