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Seismic collapse risk of reinforced concrete hillside buildings in Indian Himalayan belt

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Abstract

The predominant building configurations in the seismically active Indian Himalayan region comprise of vertically irregular buildings located on hillside slopes. Buildings in hilly topography are often constructed with foundations at multiple levels, such as ones with foundations split at two levels or stepped foundations, requiring columns of varying height to accommodate the ground slope. This introduces vertical irregularity over the height of the structure, making them more susceptible to collapse as compared to regular buildings on flat grounds. To ensure the life safety of the building occupants, this study evaluates the adequacy of modern Indian seismic codes in preventing collapse under earthquake shaking, focussing on predominant hillside reinforced concrete building configurations located on plains, gradual slopes, and steep slopes. Incremental dynamic analysis is carried on nonlinear analytical building models, and seismic collapse fragility curves are developed. Fragility analysis indicates buildings located on a gradual slope with stepped foundation are most susceptible to collapse among all configurations, with median collapse capacity 31% lower than their counterparts on flat grounds. For this building configuration, parameters influencing collapse fragility metrics are further investigated through a multiple linear regression model. The study further investigates the seismic collapse risk of buildings located in different cities of the Indian Himalayan region using collapse margin ratio (CMR) and the probability of collapse in 50 years that is not investigated for Indian buildings previously. It is observed that probability of collapse in 50 years for buildings in most of the cities considered in the study is greater than 1%, exceeding the threshold of uniform building collapse risk as per US codes.

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Availability of data and material

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The writers gratefully acknowledge SERB and DST, India for funding this research through Grant no. ECR/2017/000907. The financial assistance provided by the Industrial Research and Consultancy Centre at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay through Grant no. 15IRCCSG025 towards the first author’s Ph.D. funding is also acknowledged.

Funding

The study was funded through SERB and DST, India through Grant no. ECR/2017/000907. The first author’s Ph.D. funding was provided by the Industrial Research and Consultancy Centre at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay through Grant no. 15IRCCSG025.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Richa Tatoba Patil & Meera Raghunandan

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  1. Richa Tatoba Patil
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  2. Meera Raghunandan
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Correspondence to Meera Raghunandan.

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Patil, R.T., Raghunandan, M. Seismic collapse risk of reinforced concrete hillside buildings in Indian Himalayan belt. Bull Earthquake Eng 19, 5665–5689 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01165-2

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