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ROC analysis-based optimal design of a spatio-temporal online seismic monitoring system for precast industrial buildings

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Abstract

The aim of this work is to propose an efficient tool for the design of the monitoring system of precast reinforced concrete industrial buildings in seismic hazard zones, enabling the rapid post-earthquake damage assessment. The methodology, designated as spatio-temporal online monitoring (STOM) is performed by analyzing data obtained from a set of bi-directional accelerometers integrated in smart columns within the building. Acceleration records are converted into inter-story drift ratio (IDR) data, designated as engineering demand parameters, by double integration. Then, calculated IDRs are compared to three levels of alert thresholds meaning that, for the selected damage state, the structure is classified as apparently safe, restricted use or unsafe, corresponding to slight damage, moderate damage and severe damage. Finally, the STOM results trigger visual inspections, thus representing the main inputs needed by engineers in order to evaluate the structural health status and eventually decide for further actions. Measurements data are collected across time as well as space to ensure greater robustness and effectiveness. The STOM methodology allows the preliminary design, i.e., number and location of sensors and optimal demand thresholds, by exploiting the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, which classifies the different options on the basis of their performance in reporting true damage scenarios with respect to false alarms. Hence, seismic monitoring data are used in conjunction with the pre-evaluated alert states as an engineering decision-support tool for the post-earthquake diagnosis of the structure.

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Abbreviations

\(\alpha _i\) :

ith weight coefficient

\(\delta\) :

Minimum distance between P and the ROC curve

C :

Confusion matrix

C(n):

Cost term

D :

Diameter of the steel connection

\(d_{{\rm gap}}\) :

Initial hammer-head strap displacement

\(d_{u}\) :

Displacement at failure of hammer-head strap

\(d_{y}\) :

Displacement at yielding of hammer-head strap

\(f_c\) :

Cut-off frequency

\(f_{ck}\) :

Concrete compressive strength

\(f_{yk}\) :

Steel yield strength

ith:

DLS index

J :

Objective function

m :

Order of the Butterworth filter

M–\(\theta\) :

Moment–curvature law

N :

Total number of seismic accelerograms

n :

Number of smart column

\(R_d\) :

Ultimate shear resistance of the pinned connection

\(R_{{\rm max}}\) :

Strength of the hammer-head strap

\(R_{fr}\) :

Friction force of the hammer-head strap

\(R_{y}\) :

Yielding force of the hammer-head strap

\(x_n\) :

Location of sensors

AUC:

Area under the ROC curve

DLS:

Damage limit state

FN:

False negative

FP:

False positive

FPR:

False positive rate

GT:

Green Tag

IDR:

Inter-story drift

NLDA:

Non-linear dynamic analysis

P:

best performance point of the ROC curve

RT:

Red Tag

T*:

Optimal threshold

TN:

True negative

TP:

True positive

TPR:

True positive rate

YT:

Yellow Tag

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Acknowledgements

The project is funded by the European social fund in the framework of POR FESR—Axis 8—Seismic prevention and support for the recovery of the areas affected by the earthquake. The Authors would like to acknowledge the support of Manini s.p.a. for the collaborative research activity and for providing all the documents necessary to reconstruct the FE model of the real precast structure. Finally, the Authors gratefully acknowledge the time and effort devoted by anonymous reviewers to improve the quality of the work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti, 93, 06125, Perugia, Italy

    Laura Ierimonti, Ilaria Venanzi & Filippo Ubertini

Authors
  1. Laura Ierimonti
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  2. Ilaria Venanzi
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  3. Filippo Ubertini
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Contributions

LI: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis. IV: Writing—review and editing, Validation, Supervision. FU: Writing—review and editing, Validation, Supervision.

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Correspondence to Laura Ierimonti.

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Ierimonti, L., Venanzi, I. & Ubertini, F. ROC analysis-based optimal design of a spatio-temporal online seismic monitoring system for precast industrial buildings. Bull Earthquake Eng 19, 1441–1466 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-01032-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-01032-6

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