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Technical guidelines for the assessment of earthquake induced liquefaction hazard at urban scale

  • S.I. : The H2020 European Project LiqueFACT
  • Published:
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Abstract

Microzonation for earthquake-induced liquefaction hazard is the subdivision of a territory at a municipal or submunicipal scale in areas characterized by the same probability of liquefaction manifestation for the occurrence of an earthquake of specified intensity. The liquefaction hazard at a site depends on the severity of expected ground shaking as well as on the susceptibility to liquefaction of that site. This in turn depends on geological, geomorphological, hydrogeological and geotechnical predisposing factors. Thus, liquefaction hazard implies the existence of territories characterized by a moderate to high level of intensity of expected ground shaking. Microzonation charts for ground shaking and liquefaction hazard play a key role for the mitigation of seismic risk of an urban centre as they provide a valuable tool for the implementation of prevention strategies and land use planning. The LIQUEFACT project fully addressed the problem of microzoning a territory for earthquake-induced liquefaction hazard in a specific work package. Four municipal testing areas were selected across Europe as peculiar case studies where to construct microzonation charts for earthquake-induced liquefaction hazard. They are located in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy), Lisbon metropolitan area (Portugal), Brežice territory (Slovenia) and Marmara region (Turkey). Their location was identified based on the following criteria: severity of expected seismic hazard, availability of geological and geotechnical data, presence of liquefiable soil deposits, documented cases of liquefaction manifestations occurred in historical earthquakes, representativeness of different geological settings, density of population in selected areas (exposure). This paper illustrates the general procedure developed in LIQUEFACT for the assessment of earthquake-induced liquefaction hazard at urban scale and presents the main achievements of the microzonation studies carried out at the four previously mentioned European testbeds. Since the microzonation studies have been carried out using a shared framework and methodology, this paper has the ambition to serve as technical guidelines for updating the standards and the operational criteria currently used in different countries worldwide to construct seismic microzonation maps of liquefaction hazard.

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Acknowledgements

This research has been carried out within the framework of the European LIQUEFACT project. The LIQUEFACT project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 700748. This support is gratefully acknowledged by the authors. A word of gratitude is also expressed by the University of Pavia and Eucentre to the administration of Cavezzo Municipality for their support in the microzonation of this town. Acknowledgements are due to the Portuguese stakeholders, namely ABLGVFX, CMMontijo, CMBenavente, Teixeira Duarte, LNEG, ENMC, BRISA, CENOR, GEOCONTROLE and COBA, as well as to Dr. Luca Minarelli, Dr. Rui Carrilho Gome and Dr. Sara Amoroso. Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa team would like to express their thanks to the Canakkale Municipality managers and engineers; Ulgur Gokhan, M. Kemal Albayrak, Onur Eyisuren and Cem Demir and the companies Geosan Inc. and Zemin Etud ve Tasarim Inc. for their contributions during the complementary studies. Thanks are also due to the suggestions of two anonymous reviewers that have helped to improve the clarity of the manuscript and the critical discussion of the obtained results.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    C. G. Lai, D. Conca, A. Famà, A. G. Özcebe & E. Zuccolo

  2. European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering, Eucentre, Pavia, Italy

    C. G. Lai, F. Bozzoni, D. Conca, A. Famà, A. G. Özcebe & E. Zuccolo

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    C. Meisina, R. Bonì & M. Bordoni

  4. Department of Structural, Building and Geotechnical Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

    R. M. Cosentini

  5. Geological, Seismic and Soil Survey, Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna, Italy

    L. Martelli

  6. National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, OGS, Trieste, Italy

    V. Poggi

  7. CONSTRUCT-GEO, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    A. Viana da Fonseca, C. Ferreira, S. Rios, D. Cordeiro, C. Ramos & F. Molina-Gómez

  8. Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    C. Coelho

  9. Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    J. Logar, M. Maček & A. Oblak

  10. Department of Geophysical Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey

    F. Ozcep

  11. Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey

    I. Bozbey, S. Oztoprak, S. Sargin, C. Oser & M. K. Kelesoglu

  12. Department of Geological Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey

    N. Aysal

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Lai, C.G., Bozzoni, F., Conca, D. et al. Technical guidelines for the assessment of earthquake induced liquefaction hazard at urban scale. Bull Earthquake Eng 19, 4013–4057 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00951-8

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