Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment and mitigation of seismic risk at the urban scale: an application to the historic city center of Leiria, Portugal

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The implementation of a culture of seismic risk preparedness is becoming increasingly critical in Europe as the building stock ages and the awareness about seismic risk rises. In this context, the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings, followed by the implementation of appropriate retrofitting solutions, can help to substantially reduce the levels of physical damage and economic impact of future events. The central region of Portugal is particularly susceptible to large seismic events and is characterized by the prevalence of historic masonry buildings. This work aims to validate assessment methods for the risk of historical city centers in order to propose management strategies for municipalities and assess the economic impact of large-scale seismic retrofitting. To do this, an application of these methods was performed on the historical city center of Leiria. An in-depth inspection was performed of the entire center and the results were compiled into a database. Using an index-based seismic vulnerability assessment approach, a vulnerability assessment was made for each building. Based on vulnerability and predicted damage, estimates of human and economic losses were made for the city center before and after retrofitting to justify interventions on a broad scale.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aguado JLP, Ferreira TM, Lourenço PB (2018) The use of a large-scale seismic vulnerability assessment approach for masonry façade walls as an effective tool for evaluating, managing and mitigating seismic risk in historical centers. Int J Archit Herit 12:1259–1275. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1503366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anglade E, Giatreli A-M, Blyth A et al (2020) Seismic damage scenarios for the historic city center of Leiria, Portugal: analysis of the impact of different seismic retrofitting strategies on emergency planning. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 44:101432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardini A, Giovinazzi S, Lagomarsino S, Parodi S (2007) Vulnerabilità e previsione di danno a scala territoriale secondo una metodologia macrosismica coerente con la scala EMS-98. University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, Pisa (in Italian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Borri A, Corradi M, Castori G, De Maria A (2015) A method for the analysis and classification of historic masonry. Bull Earthq Eng 13(9):2647–2665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bothara J, Brzev S (2011) A TUTORIAL: improving the seismic performance of stone masonry buildings. Svetlana Brzev First Edition

  • Bramerini F, Di Pasquale G, Orsini A, Orsini A, Pugliese A, Romeo R, Sabetta F (1995) Rischio sismico del territorio italiano. Proposta per una metodologia e risultati preliminari. Rapporto tecnico del Servizio Sismico National SSN (in Italian)

  • Cansado E, Oliveira CS, Fragoso M, Miranda V (1998) Regras Gerais de Reabilitação e Reconstrução de Edifícios Correntes Afectados Pela Crise Sísmica do Faial, Pico e São Jorge, iniciada pelo sismo de 9 de Julho de 1998 (in Portuguese)

  • Carvalho V, Aveleira A (n.d.) Enquadramento histórico e arqueológico. www.cm-leiria.pt/pages/405 (in Portuguese)

  • Circolare 21 gennaio 2019 n. 7 C.S.LL.PP (2019) Circolare 21 gennaio 2019 n. 7 C.S.LL.PP. Istruzioni per l’applicazione dell’aggiornamento delle “Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni” di cui al D.M. 17/01/2018. Suppl. ord. alla G.U. n. 35 del 11/2/19 (in Italian)

  • Costa A (2002) Determination of mechanical properties of traditional masonry walls in dwellings of Faial Island, Azores. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 31(7):1361–1382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costa A, Oliveira CS, Neves N (2008) Reinforcing commonly more techniques used in faial reconstruction. In: Oliveira CS, Nunes JC (eds) Sismo 1998 – Açores. Uma Década Depois. 531–555. ISBN: 978-989-20-1223-0 (in Portuguese)

  • D’Ayala D, Spence R, Oliveira C, Pominos A (1997) Earthquake loss estimation for Europe’s Historic Town Centres. Earthq Spectra 13(4):773–793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinis C (2006) Estudo Sócio - Demográfico do Centro Histórico da Cidade de Leiria - Conclusão (in Portuguese)

  • dos Santos Gomes TM (2016) Caracterização do Parque Edificado do Centro Histórico de Leiria.. MSc Thesis. Istituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal. (in Portuguese)

  • Ferreira TM (2010) Avaliação da vulnerabilidade sìsmica de nùcleos urbanos antigos: Aplicação ao núcleo urbano antigo do Seixal. Universidade do Porto, Portugal (in Portuguese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira TM, Vicente R, Mendes da Silva JAR, Varum H, Costa A (2013) Seismic vulnerability assessment of historical urban centres: case study of the old city centre in Seixal, Portugal. Bull Earthq Eng 11(5):1753–1773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira TM, Santos C, Vicente R, Mendes da Silva JAR (2015) Structural and architectural characterisation of old building stocks: case study of the Old City Centre of Seixal, Portugal, Rebuilt After the Great 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. Eng Struct Technol 7(3):126–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira TM, Maio R, Vicente R (2017a) Seismic vulnerability assessment of the old city centre of Horta, Azores: calibration and application of a seismic vulnerability index method. Bull Earthq Eng 15(7):2879–2899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira TM, Maio R, Vicente R (2017b) Analysis of the impact of large scale seismic retrofitting strategies through the application of a vulnerability-based approach on traditional masonry buildings. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 16(2):329–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giovinazzi S (2005) The vulnerability assessment and the damage scenario in seismic risk analysis. PhD. Thesis. Technical University Carolo-Wihelmina, University of Florence

  • GNDT (1994) Scheda di vulnerabilità di II livello. Rome, Italy (in Italian)

  • GNDT (2003) Manuale per la compilazione della scheda GNDT/CNR di livello II—versione modificata dalla Regione Toscana (in Italian)

  • Grünthal G (1998) European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98). Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie 15. Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, Luxembourg

  • Maio R, Ferreira TM, Vicente R, Estêvão J (2016) Seismic vulnerability assessment of historical urban centres: case study of the old city centre of Faro, Portugal. J Risk Res 19(5):551–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maio R, Ferreira TM, Vicente R, Costa A (2019) Is the use of traditional seismic strengthening strategies economically attractive in the renovation of urban cultural heritage assets in Portugal? Bull Earthq Eng 17:2307–2330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-00527-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massey FJ Jr (1951) The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit. J Am Stat Assoc 46(253):68–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1951.10500769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattoso J (1985) A cidade de Leiria na historia medieval de Portugal. Ler historia 4:2–19 (in Portuguese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira CS, Lucas A, Guedes JHC (1990) MONOGRAFIA—10 Anos após o Sismo dos Açores de 1 de Janeiro de 1980—Volume I e II. Secretaria Regional da Habitação e Obras Públicas, Delegação da Ilha Terceira, Açores, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal (in Portuguese)

  • Penna A (2015) Seismic assessment of existing and strengthened stone-masonry buildings: critical issues and possible strategies. Bull Earthq Eng 13:1051–1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9659-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinheiro P, Fernandes P, Santos P, Rodrigues H (2017) Mechanical characterization of masonry walls with flat-jack tests. In: Nondestructive techniques for the assessment of historic structures, CRC Press, pp 53–73

  • Teves-Costa P, Batlló J, Matias L, Catita C, Jiménez MJ, García-Fernández M (2019) Maximum intensity maps (MIM) for Portugal mainland. J Seismol 23:417–440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09814-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomaževič M (1999) Earthquake-resistant design of masonry buildings. Imperial College Press, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vicente R (2008) Estratégias e metodologias para intervenções de reabilitação urbana Avaliação da vulnerabilidade e do risco sísmico do edificado. Ph.D. Thesis. Universidade de Aveiro (in Portuguese)

  • Vicente R, Parodi S, Lagomarsino S, Varum H, Mendes da Silva JAR (2011) Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment: case study of the historic city centre of Coimbra, Portugal. Bull Earthq Eng 9:1067–1096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-010-9233-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vicente R, Ferreira TM, Mendes da Silva JAR (2015) Supporting urban regeneration and building refurbishment: strategies for building appraisal and inspection of old building stock in city centres. J Cult Herit 16(1):1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was enabled and funded by the Advanced Masters in Structural Analysis of Monuments and Historic Constructions (SAHC) at the University of Minho and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the postdoctoral fellowship SFRH/BPD/122598/2016. The authors would like to thank the students at the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria for their assistance in coordinating and executing fieldwork. Additionally, many thanks to the Municipality of Leiria for providing access to their records and support of the work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, Institute for Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal

    Anna Blyth, Beatrice Di Napoli, Francesco Parisse, Zahir Namourah, Elsa Anglade, Anna-Maria Giatreli & Tiago Miguel Ferreira

  2. Département Génie Civil, Ecole Normal Supérieure de Paris-Saclay, 94230 Cachan, France

    Elsa Anglade

  3. RISCO, Department of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901, Leiria, Portugal

    Hugo Rodrigues

Authors
  1. Anna Blyth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Beatrice Di Napoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francesco Parisse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zahir Namourah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Elsa Anglade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Anna-Maria Giatreli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hugo Rodrigues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Tiago Miguel Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tiago Miguel Ferreira.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Blyth, A., Di Napoli, B., Parisse, F. et al. Assessment and mitigation of seismic risk at the urban scale: an application to the historic city center of Leiria, Portugal. Bull Earthquake Eng 18, 2607–2634 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00795-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00795-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation