Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation of various seismic retrofitting techniques for dry joint flat-stone masonry. During post-earthquake reconstruction in Nepal, it is suggested that flat stone buildings are retrofitted by considering the local economy and material availability. However, effective seismic design of dry joint flat-stone masonry buildings is needed to ensure that these buildings will be safer during future earthquakes. Five retrofitting schemes are proposed using locally available and affordable materials. Cyclic in-plane testing was performed for both unreinforced and reinforced specimens. The behavioural characteristics of the specimens are evaluated with the failure mode, load–displacement response, and hysteretic energy dissipation. The experimental results show that the use of wooden/gabion wire bandages and gabion wire jacketing can significantly increase the seismic performance of a dry joint flat-stone masonry building in terms of its energy dissipation and ductility. This study provides scientific support and engineering guidance for development and revision of guidelines and standards for stone masonry structures in Nepal and other developing countries.
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Notes
Source from NRA2016 (Post Disaster Recovery Framework, 2016, Government of Nepal, National Reconstruction Authority Nepal).
Abbreviations
- Fcrack :
-
Load at the occurrence of the first crack
- Dcrack :
-
Displacement at the occurrence of the first crack
- Fmax :
-
Maximum lateral force during test
- DFmax :
-
Displacement at the maximum lateral force
- Ffailure :
-
Load at the structural failure
- Dfailure :
-
Displacement at the structural failure
- \( \upxi \) :
-
Equivalent viscous damping ratio
- \( E_{hys} \) :
-
Hysteretic energy dissipated during one cycle of the inelastic system
- \( E_{ela} \) :
-
Elastic deformation energy of the system
- \( E_{pos} \) :
-
Elastic deformation energy at the positive side in the hysteresis diagrams
- \( E_{neg} \) :
-
Elastic deformation energy at the negative side in the hysteresis diagrams
- Vy :
-
Yielding strength
- Dy :
-
Displacement at yielding strength
- De :
-
Displacement at 60% of yielding strength
- Du :
-
Displacement at 85% of maximum force
- Ke :
-
Effective lateral stiffness
- \( \upmu \) :
-
Structural ductility
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Acknowledgements
The research for this article was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan (2017YFC1502902) and International Center for Collaborative Research on Disaster Risk Reduction (ICCR-DRR) (Grant RETROFIT PROJECT). The financial support is highly appreciated.
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Wang, M., Liu, K., Lu, H. et al. Increasing the lateral capacity of dry joint flat-stone masonry structures using inexpensive retrofitting techniques. Bull Earthquake Eng 17, 391–411 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0454-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0454-1