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Increasing the lateral capacity of dry joint flat-stone masonry structures using inexpensive retrofitting techniques

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Abstract

This paper presents an experimental investigation of various seismic retrofitting techniques for dry joint flat-stone masonry. During post-earthquake reconstruction in Nepal, it is suggested that flat stone buildings are retrofitted by considering the local economy and material availability. However, effective seismic design of dry joint flat-stone masonry buildings is needed to ensure that these buildings will be safer during future earthquakes. Five retrofitting schemes are proposed using locally available and affordable materials. Cyclic in-plane testing was performed for both unreinforced and reinforced specimens. The behavioural characteristics of the specimens are evaluated with the failure mode, load–displacement response, and hysteretic energy dissipation. The experimental results show that the use of wooden/gabion wire bandages and gabion wire jacketing can significantly increase the seismic performance of a dry joint flat-stone masonry building in terms of its energy dissipation and ductility. This study provides scientific support and engineering guidance for development and revision of guidelines and standards for stone masonry structures in Nepal and other developing countries.

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Notes

  1. Source from NRA2016 (Post Disaster Recovery Framework, 2016, Government of Nepal, National Reconstruction Authority Nepal).

Abbreviations

Fcrack :

Load at the occurrence of the first crack

Dcrack :

Displacement at the occurrence of the first crack

Fmax :

Maximum lateral force during test

DFmax :

Displacement at the maximum lateral force

Ffailure :

Load at the structural failure

Dfailure :

Displacement at the structural failure

\( \upxi \) :

Equivalent viscous damping ratio

\( E_{hys} \) :

Hysteretic energy dissipated during one cycle of the inelastic system

\( E_{ela} \) :

Elastic deformation energy of the system

\( E_{pos} \) :

Elastic deformation energy at the positive side in the hysteresis diagrams

\( E_{neg} \) :

Elastic deformation energy at the negative side in the hysteresis diagrams

Vy :

Yielding strength

Dy :

Displacement at yielding strength

De :

Displacement at 60% of yielding strength

Du :

Displacement at 85% of maximum force

Ke :

Effective lateral stiffness

\( \upmu \) :

Structural ductility

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Acknowledgements

The research for this article was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan (2017YFC1502902) and International Center for Collaborative Research on Disaster Risk Reduction (ICCR-DRR) (Grant RETROFIT PROJECT). The financial support is highly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Ming Wang & Kai Liu

  2. Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Civil Affairs and Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100875, China

    Ming Wang, Kai Liu & Hongfei Lu

  3. National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal

    Hima Shrestha & Ramesh Guragain

  4. School of Civil Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China

    Wen Pan & Xiaodong Yang

Authors
  1. Ming Wang
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  2. Kai Liu
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  3. Hongfei Lu
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  4. Hima Shrestha
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  5. Ramesh Guragain
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  6. Wen Pan
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  7. Xiaodong Yang
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Correspondence to Kai Liu.

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Wang, M., Liu, K., Lu, H. et al. Increasing the lateral capacity of dry joint flat-stone masonry structures using inexpensive retrofitting techniques. Bull Earthquake Eng 17, 391–411 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0454-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0454-1

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